A Short Course<\/strong><\/p>\n Radiation Protection Bureau<\/strong><\/p>\n January – March, 2004<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Donald R. Wiles<\/strong><\/p>\n Chemistry Department<\/strong><\/p>\n Carleton University<\/strong><\/p>\n January, 2004<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a9<\/p>\n Preface<\/strong><\/p>\n Radiochemistry is a very broad subject, and it is unlikely that many people will be able to know all of it. Some fundamentals are, however, essential to all. It is important that everyone working with radioactive materials understand the nature of radiation, radioactive growth and decay and the interaction with matter. The first few lectures in this course will deal with these fundamentals. After that, it is possible to choose among various aspects of the subject: radiobiology, environmental monitoring, trace quantity chemistry, waste disposal, nuclear pharmacology as well as some of the more esoteric studies such as nuclear theories, transuranic element chemistry, high-energy nuclear reactions and others. Some of these topics are beyond the intended range of this course, although they may emerge occasionally. Other topics can be chosen or ignored, according to the needs and interests of each individual.<\/p>\n The course that follows is broken up into sections, each about one lecture in extent. Some will be simpler or shorter than others, because the subjects dictate stopping points. In many cases, numerical problems are given. It is usually important that, at the very least, students should understand how to proceed to solve the problems. The best way to achieve this level is actually to do many of the problems. There may occasionally be more than one way to approach a problem, but there is usually only one correct answer. In some cases the required accuracy is dictated by the accuracy of the available data. In other cases, realistic measurement is inaccurate so that great precision is unnecessary. In all cases, at least an intuitive appreciation of the problem and its answer is important.<\/p>\n It should be possible for students to master three such lectures per week, although on occasion the problems may require more time. It is recommended that, especially with problems of radioactive decay and of radioactive growth, that students go through at least some of the problems by hand rather than by computer. Later, such problems can be readily solved in a spread sheet or other type of program. The best computer is still between the ears!<\/p>\n It is likely to turn out, in many sections of the course, that some members of the class know much more about the topics than is covered in the course. This should be neither surprising nor disheartening that is your job.<\/p>\n Several Chapters are given on theories of nuclear structure and nuclear transformations. These are admittedly superficial, but should make it possible for students to make predictions of half lives and energies of the decay of undiscovered nuclides. More important, it should give students some idea of how these theories work. These sections can well simply be ignored if they prove not to be interesting.<\/p>\n A few major books are available on Radiochemistry. Some of the older ones are still very useful since the fundamentals will not have changed. Here are a number that can be found useful:<\/p>\n Friedlander, Kennedy and Miller. Nuclear and Radiochemistry; Second Edition. Appendix IV gives a number of web sites that are to be recommended.<\/p>\n For nuclear data, the web site of the National Nuclear Data Center at Brookhaven National Laboratory is very good: Other excellent sites are The present set of notes will be amended and likely expanded as the course progresses. Modifications will be provided during the course and a complete revised set will be provided toward the end of the course.<\/p>\n DRW, January, 2004<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Table of Contents<\/strong><\/p>\n Section One Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. Properties of Nuclei 3. Radioactivity: The Primary Phenomena Interaction of Radiation with Matter<\/strong><\/p>\n 11. Alpha and Beta Particles Detection of Radiation<\/strong><\/p>\n 13. Gas-Filled Detection Chambers Statistics of Radiation Measurement<\/strong><\/p>\n 16. Principles Section Four Practical Radiochemistry<\/strong><\/p>\n 18. Radiochemical Carrier Chemistry Section Five Theories of the Nucleus<\/strong><\/p>\n 28. Liquid Drop Theory of the Nucleus Appendices<\/strong><\/p>\n I Summary of Units and Conversion Factors Radiochemistry A Short Course Radiation Protection Bureau January – March, 2004 Donald R. Wiles Chemistry Department Carleton University January, 2004 \u00a9 Preface Radiochemistry is a very broad subject, and it is unlikely that many people will be able to know all of it. Some fundamentals are, however, essential to all. It is important that everyone […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"yoast_head":"\n
\nNew York, Wiley, 1964
\nFriedlander, Kennedy, Macias and Miller. Nuclear and Radiochemistry; Third Edition,
\nNew York, Wiley
\nChoppin and Rydberg. Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry
\nChoppin, Liljenzin and Rydberg. Nuclear Chemistry and Radiochemistry; Third Edition, 2002.
\nButterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-7463-6
\nEvans, Robley D. The Atomic Nucleus. Wiley
\nWahl and Bonner Radioactivity Applied to Chemistry. New York, Wiley, 1951
\nWiles. The Chemistry of Nuclear Fuel Waste Disposal, 2002.
\nPolytechnic International. ISBN 2-553-01025-7
\nand many more.<\/p>\n
\nhttp:\/\/www.nndc.bnl.gov\/nndc\/nudat\/<\/p>\n
\nhttp:\/\/nucleardata.nuclear.lu.se\/database\/masses\/
\nhttp:\/\/ie.lbl.gov\/toi\/<\/p>\n
\n2. Mass and Energy in Nuclear Transitions
\nSection Two Radioactivity<\/p>\n
\n4. Radioactivity: The Secondary Phenomena
\n5. Nuclear Reactions
\n6. Radioactive Decay Half Lives
\n7. Radioactive Growth and Decay
\n8. Radioactive Decay Chains Series Growth and Decay
\n9. Natural Decay Series Some Typical Problems
\n10. Reading Charts and Nuclear Decay Schemes
\nSection Three Measurement of Radiation<\/p>\n
\n12. Gamma Rays<\/p>\n
\n14. Solid State Detectors
\n15. Gamma-ray Spectra<\/p>\n
\n17. Applications<\/p>\n
\n19. Radionuclides in Chemistry
\n20. Health Effects of Radiation
\n21. Nuclear Fission: History and Description
\n22. Nuclear Fission: Chemical Studies
\n23. Nuclear Reactors; Reactor Chemistry
\n24. Environmental Radiochemistry: Radionuclide Migration
\n25. High-level Nuclear Waste Disposal: The Problem
\n26. High-level Nuclear Waste Disposal in Canada
\n27. Hot Atom Chemistry<\/p>\n
\n29. Single Particle Shell Theory
\n30. Alpha Systematics
\n31. Beta Decay Theory
\n32. Gamma Decay Theory and the Use of Selection Rules<\/p>\n
\nII Nuclear Data
\nIII Derivation of Some Formulas
\nIV Some Useful Sources<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"