{"id":9071,"date":"2024-08-13T13:56:50","date_gmt":"2024-08-13T17:56:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/lerrn\/?page_id=9071"},"modified":"2025-08-01T12:19:20","modified_gmt":"2025-08-01T16:19:20","slug":"60-years-of-hosting-refugees-tanzanian-narrative","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/lerrn\/60-years-of-hosting-refugees-tanzanian-narrative\/","title":{"rendered":"60 Years of Hosting Refugees: A Tanzanian Narrative"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>60 Years of Hosting Refugees: A Tanzanian Narrative<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In 2019, Tanzania celebrated sixty years of hosting refugees fleeing conflict and instability from neighbouring countries . These refugee hosting efforts continue to date. Hosting refugees form an integral part of a host country\u2019s international contributions\u2013 particularly its support to citizens of neighbouring countries and its commitments to agreements such as the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1969 OAU Convention. For example, between 2005 and 2014, the Tanzanian government granted Tanzanian citizenship to 162,000 Burundian refugees and 3,000 Somali Bantus. The specifics of these efforts are often not publicized or celebrated. Nor are there significant efforts to draw lessons from these experiences to inspire the next generation of stakeholders responsible for refugee protection and the safeguarding of their rights.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In response to this gap and to preserve this critical history, a locally-inspired and directed project was developed to employ an anthological narrative approach with selected stakeholders in Tanzania\u2019s refugee program to document and celebrate over half a century of Tanzania\u2019s refugee protection efforts, while recognizing the important roles played by various stakeholders to make this program possible. Through interviews with key figures, we delve into the significant phases and developments in Tanzania\u2019s approach to refugee hosting, the role of civil society organizations, and the impact of government policies.<\/p>\n<div class=\"content__video\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Introduction | 60 Years of Hosting Refugees: A Tanzanian Narrative\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Q7yYCxRBVkU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"display: flex; align-items: center;\">Contributors<\/h3>\n<hr style=\"border: none; border-top: 2px solid #E48100; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n<div class=\"interviewee\" style=\"display: flex; align-items: center;\">\n<p><\/p>\n<div>\n<h4>Janemary Ruhundwa<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ms Janemary Ruhundwa, the co-founder and currently the Executive Director at DIGNITY Kwanza, has over 13 years of experience in diverse areas, including refugee rights, nationality rights, migration and development, and NGO management. Before founding DIGNITY Kwanza, she served as the Country Director of Asylum Access Tanzania (AATZ), the then national office of Asylum Access, Assistant Protection Officer at UNHCR Tanzania, and An Assistant Lecturer at Tumaini University. She is currently the co-founder and the chair of the Tanzania Refugee and Migration Network (TAREMINET) and a member of the National Anti-Trafficking Committee.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ms Ruhundwa holds an LLM and LLB from the University of Dar es Salaam, a Diploma in International Relations and Diplomacy from the Center for Foreign Relations, and a Human Rights Certificate from Malmo University (Sweden). She is a Tanganyika Law Society member, an Acumen Fellow 2014, and International Visitors Leadership Program and a TEDxIlala 2015 speaker. Ms Ruhundwa co-authored \u201cBetween a Rock and Hard Place \u2013 Urban Refugees in Tanzania\u201d (published in the Africa law Today, Vol. 4, Issue 1 (2012)), and speaks in various national and international forums and provided opinions on issues on refugees, migration and statelessness in Tanzania. Ms Ruhundwa was also a lead counsel in the landmark case on citizenship rights.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><center><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"display: block; margin: 20px 0;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_2RaLo_K7sg\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<hr style=\"border: none; border-top: 2px solid #E48100; margin: 40px 0;\" \/>\n<div class=\"interviewee\" style=\"display: flex; align-items: center;\">\n<div>\n<h4>Khoti Kamanga<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Professor Khoti Kamanga discusses the role of institutions of higher learning in the Tanzanian narrative on refugees. He argues that these institutions help to establish knowledge, disseminate it, and foster a review and amending of existing laws, thereby bringing for instance, the legal framework and structures of hosting refugees into focus. The 2003 National Refugee Policy (NRP), he contends, is overdue for a review, particularly after a noticeable change in the country\u2019s approach to refugee matters. Viewers are taken through important historical developments in the Great Lakes region, such as the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and the eventual 1995 establishment of the Center for the Study of Forced Migrations, where he served with distinction. Through the academia\u2019s role, the Tanzanian government realized the apparent legislative\/regulatory vacuum in hosting refugees, particularly in the ensuing forced migration of approximately one million refugees into Tanzania&#8217;s northwestern territories. In the ensuing collaboration, a tripartite refugee regulatory framework involving the host government, international organizations, and Tanzanian academia was birthed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><center><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"display: block; margin: 20px 0;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/E2v8dj-K78o\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<hr style=\"border: none; border-top: 2px solid #E48100; margin: 40px 0;\" \/>\n<div class=\"interviewee\" style=\"display: flex; align-items: center;\">\n<div>\n<h4>Mark Leveri<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mark Leveri, former Director of the Tanganyika Christian Refugee Service (TCRS), recounts the organization&#8217;s pioneering role in Tanzanian refugee operations since its 1964 founding. This period coincided with prolonged unrest in the Great Lakes region, leading to significant refugee flows into newly independent Tanganyika. Early responses were sporadic, involving aid from the local Lutheran Church, the Red Cross, host communities, and other faith-based organizations. Following an invitation from the newly independent Tanzanian government to the Lutheran World Federation (LWF), a member of the World Council of Churches (WCC), the LWF&#8217;s Department of World Service formalized refugee operations, with TCRS playing a central role.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Leveri describes the initial development of refugee settlements in southern and north-western Tanzania, culminating in large-scale refugee encampments following the 1994 Rwandan genocide and its subsequent major influx of refugees; this followed earlier arrivals (1993) of Burundian and Congolese refugees. He also highlights TCRS&#8217;s evolution from an expatriate-led organization to a mature, locally-run entity, marked by the appointment of the first Tanzanian Executive Director in 2005.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><center><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"display: block; margin: 20px 0;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/rPfA3vBVm0c\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<hr style=\"border: none; border-top: 2px solid #E48100; margin: 40px 0;\" \/>\n<div class=\"interviewee\" style=\"display: flex; align-items: center;\">\n<p><\/p>\n<div>\n<h4>Uwezo Ramazani<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In this video, Uwezo Ramazani, from the DRC, shares his lived experience as a refugee in Tanzania. A refugee in Tanzania in 1999, his captivating story traces his refuge at the Nyarugusu camp and the challenges of accessing Tanzanian secondary school education, and being awarded two scholarships &#8211; one, a NAF scholarship to pursue a degree program, and another a scholarship to pursue a Master&#8217;s program, all in Tanzania. Ramazani also discusses the grey areas of Tanzania&#8217;s refugee hosting record which is based on the policy of &#8220;encampment&#8221; and lays bare the legal restrictions placed on refugee movements in and out of camp, together with its latent obstructions preventing an easier integration and access of the Tanzanian job market. Nonetheless, in his estimation, the Tanzanian refugee experience is notable for its welcoming warmth, its former provision of parcels of farmlands to refugees, and its educational opportunities for refugees. In an effort to partner international humanitarian organizations, Ramazani highlights individual and refugee group initiatives to provide among others, educational and food services at the Nyarugusu camp.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><center><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"display: block; margin: 20px 0;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/p6gVBtfyhEI\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<hr style=\"border: none; border-top: 2px solid #E48100; margin: 40px 0;\" \/>\n<div class=\"interviewee\" style=\"display: flex; align-items: center;\">\n<p><\/p>\n<div>\n<h4>Tujilane Rose Chizumila<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In this video, Judge Chizumila, a former Malawian refugee in Tanzania, shares the story of becoming a refugee, following the infamous Malawian \u201cCabinet Crises\u201d of 1964, and the uplifting narrative of her transition into an accomplished product of Tanzania&#8217;s refugee hosting record, overcoming personal strife and institutionalized gendered obstacles. Her story celebrates Malawian excellence and years of dedicated service to local and international humanitarian agencies. Judge Chizumila discusses the education of refugees in Tanzania and a scholarship for further studies in Germany; her professional growth as a returnee to the Malawian civil service as a state attorney; her humanitarian works with Save the Children U.S.-Federation, UNHCR; and her private legal profession. The grace-to-grass-to-grace story features many trailblazing firsts for female and gender rights advocacy in Malawi: her appointments as Ambassador to Zimbabwe and the South African Development Corporation (SADC); Judge of the Malawian High Court; first female Ombudsman for Malawi; and post-retirement consecutive appointments as Judge of the African Court on Human and Peoples&#8217; Rights.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><center><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"display: block; margin: 20px 0;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/xu8WmSPuA8A\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<hr style=\"border: none; border-top: 2px solid #E48100; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><div class=\"slideme\"><dl class=\"slideme__list\"><dt class=\"slideme__term\"><a href=\"#slideme-abeid-kasaizi\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"slideme-abeid-kasaizi\" class=\"slideme__heading slideme__trigger\">Abeid Kasaizi<\/a><\/dt><dd class=\"slideme__description\" id=\"slideme-abeid-kasaizi\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><p><br \/>\nMr. Kasaizi is holding Master of Business Administration in International Business (MBA-IB) from Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT) Delhi India, Masters of International Tax Law from Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration in Austria, and Advanced Diploma in Accountancy from the Institute of Finance Management (IFM) Dar es Salaam Tanzania East Africa. For the past 20 years, he worked with the Government of Tanzania where he has served in the Ministry of Finance and later joined the Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA) where he served in different capacities ranging from lower carder to Deputy Commissioner Operations (DCO). He has been a member of the East African Community Revenue Authorities Technical Committee for the past seven years. Abeid joined REDESO as CEO in March, 2017 and bring on board the vast managerial skills and experience in managing a multidiscipline organization. He has been also member of the REDESO Governing Board for the past 14 years.<br \/>\n<\/p><\/dd><dl><\/div><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><div class=\"slideme\"><dl class=\"slideme__list\"><dt class=\"slideme__term\"><a href=\"#slideme-brahim-johnson\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"slideme-brahim-johnson\" class=\"slideme__heading slideme__trigger\">Brahim Johnson<\/a><\/dt><dd class=\"slideme__description\" id=\"slideme-brahim-johnson\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><p><br \/>\nJohnson Brahim is a retired government official with extensive experience in migration management and refugee affairs, including research, policy development, and humanitarian response. From 2009 to 2013, he served as a Senior Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Forced Migration (CSFM), contributing significantly to the &#8220;International Migration Management Project&#8221; (IMMP) in Tanzania. From 1988 to 1996, Johnson was the Head of the Refugee Section (later the Refugees Service Department), where he played a pivotal role in managing refugee-related operations. He continued his leadership as Assistant Director in the Refugees Service Department from 2001 to 2007. In 2007, he was re-engaged on a contractual basis as Assistant Director of the Refugees Service Department. During this time, he also chaired the Old Settlements Task Force.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Brahim&#8217;s notable work includes research on irregular settlements in North Western Tanzania, resulting in a working paper published in March 2010, which offers a legal and protection perspective on the issue. Additionally, he co-authored a study on the migration situation in the Southern Tanzania regions of Ruvuma, Mtwara, and Lindi, published in October 2011, which provided actionable recommendations for addressing migration challenges in these regions. He also conducted a critical analysis of the peasant permit system in Tanzania, focusing on Lindi and Mtwara regions.<br \/>\n<\/p><\/dd><dl><\/div><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><div class=\"slideme\"><dl class=\"slideme__list\"><dt class=\"slideme__term\"><a href=\"#slideme-isaac-laiser\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"slideme-isaac-laiser\" class=\"slideme__heading slideme__trigger\">Isaac Laiser<\/a><\/dt><dd class=\"slideme__description\" id=\"slideme-isaac-laiser\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><p><br \/>\nIsaac E. Siara Laiser has dedicated over four decades to humanitarian work, primarily focusing on the administration and coordination of refugee settlements. His journey began in May 1964 when he joined the Lutheran World Federation (LWF) and Tanganyika Christian Refugee Service (TCRS). His early roles included Field Officer positions at Muyenzi Settlement in Ngara, Kagera Region, where he managed the resettlement of Rwandan refugees.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">From 1967 to 1969, Laiser served as the Administrative Field Officer and Acting Project Coordinator at Lundo Settlement in Mbamba Bay, Ruvuma Region. His leadership in refugee management continued as he was appointed Liaison Officer at the Songea Office in 1969, handling settlements such as Muhukuru, Mputa, and Lundo. Between 1971 and 1973, Laiser took on the role of Project Coordinator at Lundo Settlement, responsible for the resettlement of Mozambican refugees. His expertise led him to Matekwe Settlement in Nachingwea District from 1973 to 1975, where he continued to coordinate projects for Mozambican refugees.From 1975 to 1980, Laiser served as Administrative Officer and Project Coordinator at Ulyankulu Settlement. His final years with TCRS, from 1980 to 1993, were spent in Dar es Salaam as the Development Coordinator.<br \/>\n<\/p><\/dd><dl><\/div><\/p>\n<p><center><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"display: block; margin: 20px 0;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/pRh00FcjBUM\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<hr style=\"border: none; border-top: 2px solid #E48100; margin: 40px 0;\" \/>\n<div class=\"interviewee\" style=\"display: flex; align-items: center;\">\n<p><\/p>\n<div>\n<h4>Simon Joseph Andrea<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Simon Joseph Andrea is the caretaker of the Tengeru cemetery in Tanzania, a site of historical significance that commemorates the Polish refugees who found sanctuary there during World War II. He took over this responsibility from his late father, Mr. Joseph Andrea, who dedicated 32 years to maintaining the graves and preserving the legacy of the Polish refugee community in Tanzania. Simon continues this work, serving as a curator for the many visitors and pilgrims who come annually to pay their respects. His efforts are supported by the Polish Embassy and the donations of those who visit this unique historic site of Eastern Europe in the heart of Africa.<\/p>\n<p>In the interview, Simon Joseph Andrea recounts the history of Tengeru Refugee Camp in Tanzania, which served as a sanctuary for almost 5,000 Polish refugees during the World War II. The interview contributes to the less known narratives of displacement of European refugees in Africa.<\/p>\n<p>In 2001, Simon Joseph Andrea took over responsibility of preserving the camp\u2019s legacy from his father. Andrea shares details of daily life at the camp, diseases that led to many deaths, and the experiences of those who remained in Tanzania after the camp\u2019s closure in 1952. He also discusses the interactions between the refugees and the local community, the role of international support, and the camp\u2019s later conversion into an agricultural institute. Additionally, he highlights the ongoing Polish Aid Project which continues to preserve the camp&#8217;s cultural heritage.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><center><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"display: block; margin: 20px 0;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/jvdWMhFGUMA\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\"><\/span><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<hr style=\"border: none; border-top: 2px solid #E48100; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 20px;\" \/>\n<h3 style=\"display: flex; align-items: center;\">Relevant Resources<\/h3>\n<div class=\"slideme\"><dl class=\"slideme__list\"><dt class=\"slideme__term\"><a href=\"#slideme-open-access\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"slideme-open-access\" class=\"slideme__heading slideme__trigger\">Open Access<\/a><\/dt><dd class=\"slideme__description\" id=\"slideme-open-access\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/asylumaccess.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/Immigration-Detention-in-Tanzania-A-Prison-Survey-Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Asylum Access Tanzania, Immigration Detention in Tanzania, A Prison Survey Report, 2013.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/media\/impact-environmental-degradation-refugee-host-relations-case-study-tanzania-leah-berry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berry, L., \u201cThe Impact of Environmental Degradation on Refugee-host Relations: A Case Study from Tanzania\u201d, Research Paper No. 151, 2008.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ora.ox.ac.uk\/objects\/uuid:61d14ce2-4a9c-4a13-9a56-6360094cf502\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daley, P.O., \u201cRefugees and Underdevelopment in Africa: The Case of Burundi Refugees in Western Tanzania\u201d, Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.berghahnjournals.com\/view\/journals\/migration-and-society\/3\/1\/arms030110.xml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karashani, B., \u201cTanzania Hunt for Illegal Aliens goes Door-to-Door\u201d, The East African News, (Dar es Salaam), 12 January 2019.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/legacy-pdf\/3bf101b37.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hoyweghen, V.S. 2002. Mobility, Territoriality and sovereignty in post-colonial Tanganyika, No. 1-2 Refugee Survey Quarterly., pp. 149 &#8211; 176.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrs\/article\/27\/4\/553\/1551394\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Milner, J., \u201cTwo Steps Forward, One Step Back: Understanding the Shifting Politics of Refugee Policy in Tanzania\u201d, No. 255 Research Paper, 2013.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kas.de\/c\/document_library\/get_file?uuid=5cafe0b2-05e8-f22d-f634-6d5ce8e37d65&amp;groupId=252038\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reith, S., and Boltz, M., The East African Community: Regional Integration between Aspiration and Reality, Sankt Augustin: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung International Reports, 2011.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/reference\/strategy\/unhcr\/2002\/en\/87319\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rutinwa, B. and Khoti Kamanga, \u201cPrima facie status and refugee protection\u201d, New Issues in Refugee Research, Geneva: UNHCR, October 2002.\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/lerrn\/2025\/refugees-in-north-western-tanzania\/\">Rutinwa, Bonaventure, and Khoti Kamanga. 2003.\u00a0The Impact of the Presence of Refugees in North Western Tanzania. The Centre for the Study of Forced Migration, University of Dar es Salaam. Full Report.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/repositories.lib.utexas.edu\/items\/d5b659e2-62a1-4286-984d-b8d05a4365ea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rutinwa, B. and Khoti Kamanga, \u201cThe Impact of the Presence of Refugees in North Western Tanzania&#8221; by the Centre for the Study of Forced Migration, University of Dar es Salaam, Executive Summary, 2003.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/africa\/sites\/afr\/files\/legacy-pdf\/3ae6a0c38.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Turner, Simon, M., Angry Young Men in Camps: Age and Class Relations Among Barundi Refugees in Tanzania, New Issues in Refugee Research. Working Paper No. 9, 1999.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/reference\/strategy\/unhcr\/1999\/en\/87419\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Whittaker, Beth Elise, Changing Opportunities: Refugees and Host Communities in Western Tanzania. New Issues in Refugee Research. Working Paper No. 11, 1999.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/refugee-rights.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/I-Dont-Know-Where-to-Go.091709.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CSFM and IRRI, \u201cI Don\u2019t Know where to Go\u201d: Burundian Refugees in Tanzania under Pressure to Leave\u201d, September 2009.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/data.unhcr.org\/ar\/documents\/download\/67762\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Masabo, J., et al \u201cSocio-Economic Assessment in the Refugee Camps and Hosting Districts of Kigoma Region\u201d, Centre for the Study of Forced Migration University of Dar es Salaam, Final Report, 20th April 2018.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.co.za\/doi\/pdf\/10.10520\/AJA03790622_27\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Evans, M., \u201cThe Front-line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives\u201d, 12(5) Zambezia, 1984, pp. 1 \u2013 19.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ideas.repec.org\/s\/gig\/afjour.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Grauvogel, J., \u201cBurundi After the 2015 Elections: A Conference Report\u201d, 51(2) Afrikaspectrum, 2016, pp. 3 &#8211; 14.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/legacy-pdf\/3bf101b37.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hoyweghen, VS., \u201cMobility, Territoriality and sovereignty in post-colonial Tanganyika\u201d, No 1-2 Refugee Survey Quarterly, 2002, pp. 149 &#8211; 176.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/issuu.com\/fmreview\/docs\/african-displacement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jamal, J., \u201cCamps and Freedoms: Long-Term Refugee Situations in Africa\u201d, 16 (1) Forced Migration Review, 2003, pp. 4 &#8211; 6.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/reports\/pdfs\/t\/tanzania\/tanzn997.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mahiga Augustine, \u201cTanzania: A Change of Direction for Tanzania\u201d, Refugees, 1997, pp. 14 &#8211; 15.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.asileproject.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/ASILEWorkingPaper-D4_3_May2022_SUBMITTED.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mendel, T.D., \u201cRefugee Law and Practice in Tanzania\u201d, 9 (1) International Journal of Refugee Law, 1997, pp. 35 &#8211; 59.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jrs\/article\/27\/4\/553\/1551394\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Milner, J., \u201cCan Global Refugee Policy Leverage Durable Solutions? 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(ed.), <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Marginalization: The Plight of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons in East Africa<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, Kampala: Fountain Publisher, 2012.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:278}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Kamanga K., \u201cThe Plight of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons in East Africa: Conceptual Framework\u201d, in Zachary Lomo (ed.), <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Marginalisation: The Plight of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons in East Africa<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, Kampala: Fountain Publishers, 2012, pp. 5 \u2013 21.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:278}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Minja, F., \u201cThe Refugee Problem in Tanzania\u201d, in Shamuyarira N.M. (ed.), <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Essays on the Liberation of Southern Africa<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, Tanzania Publishing House, pp. 88 \u2013 95.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:278}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Kweka, O., \u201cTanzania\u201d, in Lomo, Z.A. (ed.), <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Marginalization: The Plight of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons in East Africa<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, Kampala: Fountain Publisher, 2012.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:278}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">KHIDDU-MAKUBUYA, Edward, \u201cVoluntary Repatriation by Force: The Case of Rwanda Refugees in Uganda,\u201d in ADELMAN, Howard and John Sorenson (eds.), <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">African Refugees: Development Aid and Repatriation<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, Boulder and North York: Westview Press and York Lanes Press, 1994, p. 143.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:278}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">WARIOBA, Joseph S., \u201cRights and Obligations of Refugees,\u201d in ERIKSSON, L-G. et al. (eds.), An Analysing Account of the Conference on the African Refugee Problem Arusha, May 1979, Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1981, p. 102.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:278}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">HANSEN, Art, \u201cAfrican Refugees: Defining and Defending their Human Rights,\u201d in COHEN, Ronald, Goran Hyden and Winston P. Nagan (eds.), Human Rights and Governance in Africa, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1993.p<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:278}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p><\/dd><dl><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>60 Years of Hosting Refugees: A Tanzanian Narrative In 2019, Tanzania celebrated sixty years of hosting refugees fleeing conflict and instability from neighbouring countries . These refugee hosting efforts continue to date. Hosting refugees form an integral part of a host country\u2019s international contributions\u2013 particularly its support to citizens of neighbouring countries and its commitments [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>60 Years of Hosting Refugees: A Tanzanian Narrative - LERRN: The Local Engagement Refugee Research Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"60 Years of Hosting Refugees: A Tanzanian Narrative In 2019, Tanzania celebrated sixty years of hosting refugees fleeing conflict and instability from\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/lerrn\/60-years-of-hosting-refugees-tanzanian-narrative\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"22 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/lerrn\/60-years-of-hosting-refugees-tanzanian-narrative\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/lerrn\/60-years-of-hosting-refugees-tanzanian-narrative\/\",\"name\":\"60 Years of Hosting Refugees: A Tanzanian Narrative - 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