{"id":63330,"date":"2019-05-26T10:00:20","date_gmt":"2019-05-26T14:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\/?post_type=cu_story&#038;p=63330"},"modified":"2025-08-19T09:37:29","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T13:37:29","slug":"growing-space-debris-problem","status":"publish","type":"cu_story","link":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/story\/growing-space-debris-problem\/","title":{"rendered":"We need new treaties to address the growing problem of space debris"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"w-screen px-6 cu-section cu-section--white ml-offset-center md:px-8 lg:px-14\">\n    <div class=\"space-y-6 cu-max-w-child-max  md:space-y-10 cu-prose-first-last\">\n\n        \n                    \n                    \n            \n    <div class=\"cu-wideimage relative flex items-center justify-center mx-auto px-8 overflow-hidden md:px-16 rounded-xl not-prose  my-6 md:my-12 first:mt-0 bg-opacity-50 bg-cover bg-cu-black-50 pt-24 pb-32 md:pt-28 md:pb-44 lg:pt-36 lg:pb-60 xl:pt-48 xl:pb-72\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/162\/conversation-space-debris-problem-1200w-1.jpg); background-position: 50% 50%;\">\n\n                    <div class=\"absolute top-0 w-full h-screen\" style=\"background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.600);\"><\/div>\n        \n        <div class=\"relative z-[2] max-w-4xl w-full flex flex-col items-center gap-2 cu-wideimage-image cu-zero-first-last\">\n            <header class=\"mx-auto mb-6 text-center text-white cu-pageheader cu-component-updated cu-pageheader--center md:mb-12\">\n\n                                    <h1 class=\"cu-prose-first-last font-semibold mb-2 text-3xl md:text-4xl lg:text-5xl lg:leading-[3.5rem] cu-pageheader--center text-center mx-auto after:left-px\">\n                        We need new treaties to address the growing problem of space debris\n                    <\/h1>\n                \n                            <\/header>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"absolute bottom-0 w-full z-[1]\" fill=\"none\" viewbox=\"0 0 1280 312\">\n                <path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M26.412 315.608c-.602-.268-6.655-2.412-13.524-4.769a1943.84 1943.84 0 0 1-14.682-5.144l-2.276-.858v-5.358c0-4.876.086-5.358.773-5.09 1.674.643 21.38 5.84 34.646 9.109 14.682 3.59 28.935 6.858 45.936 10.449l9.874 2.089H57.322c-16.4 0-30.31-.16-30.91-.428ZM460.019 315.233c42.974-10.074 75.602-19.88 132.443-39.867 76.16-26.791 152.063-57.709 222.385-90.663 16.7-7.823 21.336-10.074 44.262-21.273 85.004-41.688 134.719-64.193 195.291-88.413 66.55-26.577 145.2-53.584 194.27-66.765C1258.5 5.626 1281.34 0 1282.24 0c.17 0 .34 27.596.34 61.3v61.299l-2.23.375c-84.7 13.718-165.93 35.955-310.736 84.931-46.494 15.753-65.427 22.076-96.166 32.15-9.102 3-24.814 8.198-34.989 11.574-107.543 35.954-153.008 50.422-196.626 62.639l-6.74 1.876-89.126-.054c-78.135-.054-88.782-.161-85.948-.857ZM729.628 312.875c33.229-10.985 69.248-23.523 127.506-44.207 118.705-42.223 164.596-57.709 217.446-73.302 2.62-.75 8.29-2.465 12.67-3.751 56.19-16.772 126.94-33.597 184.17-43.671 5.07-.91 9.66-1.768 10.22-1.875l.94-.161v170.236l-281.28-.054H719.968l9.66-3.215ZM246.864 313.411c-65.041-2.251-143.047-12.11-208.432-26.256-18.375-3.965-41.73-9.538-42.202-10.074-.171-.214-.257-21.38-.214-47.046l.129-46.618 6.654 3.697c57.313 32.043 118.491 56.531 197.699 79.143 40.313 11.521 83.459 18.058 138.669 21.059 15.584.857 65.685.857 81.14 0 33.744-1.876 61.306-4.93 88.396-9.806 6.396-1.126 11.634-1.983 11.722-1.929.255.375-20.48 7.769-30.999 11.038-28.592 8.948-59.288 15.646-91.873 20.147-26.36 3.59-50.015 5.627-78.35 6.698-15.584.59-55.209.59-72.339-.053Z\"><\/path>\n                <path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M-3.066 295.067 32.06 304.1v9.033H-3.066v-18.066Z\"><\/path>\n            <\/svg>\n            <\/div>\n\n    \n\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/images\/40173\/space-debris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Space debris<\/a> represents the spread of our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/scorched-earth-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scorched-earth habits<\/a> into space. Earth and the orbital space around it are a global commons to which we have been laying waste. And what\u2019s worse, we appear powerless to prevent ourselves. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since the dawn of the space age in 1957, our spacecraft have been jettisoning bits and pieces both deliberately (like launch shrouds) and inadvertently (like exploding fuel tanks). Then, to add insult to injury, dying spacecraft, following their last gasp, <a href=\"http:\/\/DOI.org\/10.1126\/science.1121337\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">are left in orbit as useless relics<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"space-flotsam\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Space flotsam<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are 15,888 pieces of debris larger than 10 centimetres in size, including some 2,000 pieces in or intersecting geostationary orbit, <a href=\"https:\/\/room.eu.com\/article\/urbocop\/saving-planet-earth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the rest being dominantly in the polar orbital band at 800-1,000 kilometres in altitude<\/a>. Smaller sizes are even more plentiful    \u2014 it\u2019s estimated there are 500,000 pieces one centimetre in size, and 100 million pieces that are a millimetre in size, all rattling along at orbital speeds of eight to 12 kilometres a second (compared to a rifle bullet travelling at approximately one kilometre a second). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure>\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"688\" height=\"407\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/IOwv1j-fUbo?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">NASA animation showing the movement of man-made objects in orbit.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s a small wonder no astronauts have been seriously hurt yet. But spacecraft have: Cerise was the first documented case of a satellite being struck by debris in 1996. Since then, the situation has worsened. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2007, the Chinese, in a fit of muscle-flexing bravado, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.space.com\/3415-china-anti-satellite-test-worrisome-debris-cloud-circles-earth.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fired an anti-satellite missile at their defunct Fengyun-1C satellite<\/a> at 860-kilometre altitude, creating a shower of 2,400 debris pieces larger than 10 centimetres, and 35,000 smaller pieces. This increased the total debris population by 30 per cent. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2009, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/02\/12\/science\/space\/12satellite.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a defunct Russian Cosmos satellite accidentally collided with an operational Iridium satellite<\/a> at 790-kilometre altitude, generating two clouds of debris comprising 598 fragments from the Iridium satellite and 1,603 fragments from the Cosmos satellite. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"avoidance-manouevres\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Avoidance manouevres<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The International Space Station has to be manoeuvred around twice a year to avoid incoming debris. If we do nothing, the debris problem will worsen until <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/JA083iA06p02637\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the Kessler Syndrome limit is surpassed<\/a>. When this happens, debris will become self-perpetuating, creating an exponentially growing ring of projectiles around Earth, effectively entombing us and our planet for centuries to come. Attempts to curtail the growth of debris to date have been to no avail. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.unoosa.org\/oosa\/en\/ourwork\/topics\/space-debris\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">United Nations recommendations<\/a> to boost ailing and dying satellites into so-called graveyard or decaying orbits have either been ignored or are ineffective. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even more ominously, there\u2019s expected to be large satellite operations launched in the near future to provide global services. Elon Musk\u2019s space transportation company SpaceX <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/spacex-starlink-satellite-internet-how-it-works-2019-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">envisages a constellation of 12,000 satellites<\/a>. The prospects for the future look bleak and we are falling headlong towards entombment of our deteriorating planet. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/276484\/original\/file-20190526-187172-92secp.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n              <span class=\"caption\">A SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket carrying a communication satellite lifts off from the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla., on April 11, 2019. <span class=\"source\">(AP Photo\/John Raoux)<\/span><\/span><br>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"junk-removal\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Junk removal<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, it\u2019s not all doom and gloom. The worst effects of growing debris can be alleviated by removing up to 10 of the largest pieces of debris per year. Perhaps unsurprisingly, Europe   \u2014 given its greener credentials than most other space-faring powers   \u2014 has been taking the lead in developing active debris removal techniques. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/directory.eoportal.org\/web\/eoportal\/satellite-missions\/r\/removedebris\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">European Union\u2019s removeDEBRIS concept<\/a> adopted harpoons and nets to capture defunct satellites. However, these are essentially ballistic and uncontrolled, introducing complex dynamic problems. These techniques can also potentially cause more debris if they fracture or fragment spacecraft while trying ensnare them. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Our_Activities\/Space_Safety\/Clean_Space\/ESA_s_e.Deorbit_debris_removal_mission_reborn_as_servicing_vehicle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The European Space Agency\u2019s (ESA) e.Deorbit mission<\/a> adopted robotic arms to remove, in the first instance, the defunct eight-tonne <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Our_Activities\/Observing_the_Earth\/Envisat\/Mission_overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Envisat satellite<\/a>. Unfortunately, ESA cancelled the mission due to a lack of a commercial market for space debris removal. Only if e.Deorbit is extended to incorporate commercial on-orbit servicing might it be revived at some unspecified time in the future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"human-shortcomings\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Human shortcomings<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is a great shame as it leaves the most potentially dangerous source of debris    \u2014 the huge Envisat   \u2014 in orbit. Furthermore, it illustrates the failings of human nature. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nothing will happen unless we see an opportunity for wealth or we are compelled to act. The only way for the latter is to impose a specific and new UN treaty built on top of the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unoosa.org\/oosa\/en\/ourwork\/spacelaw\/treaties\/introouterspacetreaty.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Outer Space Treaty<\/a> to join <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unoosa.org\/oosa\/en\/ourwork\/spacelaw\/treaties.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the other five derivative UN space treaties<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This new treaty \u2013 let us call it the \u201cDo Not Soil Your Own Doorstep and if You Must, Clean Up After Yourself\u201d Treaty  &#8211; must impose demands on space-faring nations to collectively clean up their pollution in orbit. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure>\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"688\" height=\"407\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/R8kPyjTGAkg?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">The Associated Press<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>UN Space Treaties have worked in the past. In 1977, the Russian Cosmos-954 reconnaissance satellite, carrying 50 kilograms of uranium-235, accidentally re-entered Earth\u2019s atmosphere without ejecting its nuclear reactor into a safe orbit as intended. Radioactive debris was scattered over a 600-kilometre track in northern Canada, and was cleaned up by the Canadians with American assistance. The <a href=\"http:\/\/www.unoosa.org\/oosa\/en\/ourwork\/spacelaw\/treaties\/introliability-convention.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">UN Space Liability Convention<\/a> was successfully invoked   \u2014 for the first and only time   \u2014 to persuade Russia to foot the majority of the bill. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Likewise, we need a new treaty to coerce us to act to clean up space debris. Without some form of coercion, the problem will grow until we are entombed by an impenetrable layer of space junk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/carleton-university-900\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Carleton University is a member of this unique digital journalism platform that launched in June 2017 to boost visibility of Canada\u2019s academic faculty and researchers. Interested in writing a piece? Please contact <a href=\"mailto:steven.reid3@carleton.ca\">Steven Reid<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/become-an-author\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sign up to become an author<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>All photos provided by The Conversation from various sources.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8212;<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\/\">Carleton Newsroom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/115757\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Space debris represents the spread of our scorched-earth habits into space. Earth and the orbital space around it are a global commons to which we have been laying waste. And what\u2019s worse, we appear powerless to prevent ourselves. Since the dawn of the space age in 1957, our spacecraft have been jettisoning bits and pieces [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":410,"featured_media":63336,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"cu_story_type":[1623],"cu_story_tag":[],"class_list":["post-63330","cu_story","type-cu_story","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","cu_story_type-expert-perspectives"],"acf":{"cu_post_thumbnail":"blueprint"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/63330","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/cu_story"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/410"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/63330\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":63339,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/63330\/revisions\/63339"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/63336"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=63330"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"cu_story_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story_type?post=63330"},{"taxonomy":"cu_story_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story_tag?post=63330"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}