{"id":63486,"date":"2019-02-27T19:00:15","date_gmt":"2019-02-28T00:00:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\/?post_type=cu_story&#038;p=63486"},"modified":"2025-08-19T09:37:32","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T13:37:32","slug":"macdonald-wilson-raybould-affair","status":"publish","type":"cu_story","link":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/story\/macdonald-wilson-raybould-affair\/","title":{"rendered":"Is Sir John A. Macdonald to blame for the Wilson-Raybould affair?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"w-screen px-6 cu-section cu-section--white ml-offset-center md:px-8 lg:px-14\">\n    <div class=\"space-y-6 cu-max-w-child-max  md:space-y-10 cu-prose-first-last\">\n\n        \n                    \n                    \n            \n    <div class=\"cu-wideimage relative flex items-center justify-center mx-auto px-8 overflow-hidden md:px-16 rounded-xl not-prose  my-6 md:my-12 first:mt-0 bg-opacity-50 bg-cover bg-cu-black-50 pt-24 pb-32 md:pt-28 md:pb-44 lg:pt-36 lg:pb-60 xl:pt-48 xl:pb-72\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/162\/conversation-jody-wilson-raybould-1200w-1.jpg); background-position: 50% 50%;\">\n\n                    <div class=\"absolute top-0 w-full h-screen\" style=\"background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.600);\"><\/div>\n        \n        <div class=\"relative z-[2] max-w-4xl w-full flex flex-col items-center gap-2 cu-wideimage-image cu-zero-first-last\">\n            <header class=\"mx-auto mb-6 text-center text-white cu-pageheader cu-component-updated cu-pageheader--center md:mb-12\">\n\n                                    <h1 class=\"cu-prose-first-last font-semibold mb-2 text-3xl md:text-4xl lg:text-5xl lg:leading-[3.5rem] cu-pageheader--center text-center mx-auto after:left-px\">\n                        Is Sir John A. Macdonald to blame for the Wilson-Raybould affair?\n                    <\/h1>\n                \n                            <\/header>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"absolute bottom-0 w-full z-[1]\" fill=\"none\" viewbox=\"0 0 1280 312\">\n                <path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M26.412 315.608c-.602-.268-6.655-2.412-13.524-4.769a1943.84 1943.84 0 0 1-14.682-5.144l-2.276-.858v-5.358c0-4.876.086-5.358.773-5.09 1.674.643 21.38 5.84 34.646 9.109 14.682 3.59 28.935 6.858 45.936 10.449l9.874 2.089H57.322c-16.4 0-30.31-.16-30.91-.428ZM460.019 315.233c42.974-10.074 75.602-19.88 132.443-39.867 76.16-26.791 152.063-57.709 222.385-90.663 16.7-7.823 21.336-10.074 44.262-21.273 85.004-41.688 134.719-64.193 195.291-88.413 66.55-26.577 145.2-53.584 194.27-66.765C1258.5 5.626 1281.34 0 1282.24 0c.17 0 .34 27.596.34 61.3v61.299l-2.23.375c-84.7 13.718-165.93 35.955-310.736 84.931-46.494 15.753-65.427 22.076-96.166 32.15-9.102 3-24.814 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   <\/svg>\n            <\/div>\n\n    \n\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<p>In her bombshell testimony before a House of Commons committee, Jody Wilson-Raybould, Canada\u2019s former minister of justice and attorney general, described repeated attempts <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thestar.com\/politics\/federal\/2019\/02\/27\/jody-wilson-raybould-says-pressure-in-snc-lavalin-affair-was-inappropriate.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">at \u201cpolitical interference\u201d by top government officials.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>She told of \u201cveiled threats\u201d about her job and dark warnings about being headed for \u201ca collision\u201d with Prime Minister Justin Trudeau over the issue of helping Qu\u00e9bec engineering firm SNC-Lavalin avoid a bribery trial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Less dramatically   \u2014 but with the potential to spark a major restructuring of her former ministry   \u2014 Wilson-Raybould stated that she has long believed Canada should re-examine the conjoined federal department headed by the minister of justice and attorney general and consider \u201cwhether or not those two roles should be bifurcated.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"not-prose cu-quote cu-component-spacing\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote twitter-tweet is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>JWR says she believes the roles of Minister of Justice and Attorney General be split. <br>After this incident, hard to disagree. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/JUST?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#JUST<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/cdnpoli?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#cdnpoli<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014 Dale Smith (@journo_dale) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/journo_dale\/status\/1100895316339974144?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">February 27, 2019<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p> <script async=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>She added that a new structure could see an attorney general who would \u201cnot sit around the cabinet table,\u201d referencing the British model that separates the justice minister and attorney general roles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the U.K., the office of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/organisations\/attorney-generals-office\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Attorney General<\/a>, a non-cabinet post, is separate from the cabinet position of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/ministers\/secretary-of-state-for-justice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Splitting the two jobs in Canada is an idea that was raised recently by University of Ottawa law professor Adam Dodek, who advanced a timely and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/opinion\/article-the-impossible-position-canadas-attorney-general-cannot-be-our\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">important argument<\/a> about what he calls an \u201cintolerable conflict\u201d within the combined role of minister of justice and attorney general in Canada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The conjoined cabinet post, he insists, is at the heart of the Wilson-Raybould controversy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He argued it\u2019s time to sever the political, partisan role of the minister of justice from that of the ideally \u201cindependent\u201d attorney general   \u2014 the government\u2019s chief legal adviser and litigator, someone expected to \u201cput aside partisan concerns\u201d in upholding the Constitution. It seems Wilson-Raybould agrees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"dont-ignore-the-history\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Don\u2019t ignore the history<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is all good fodder for serious debate. But we shouldn\u2019t embark on potential reforms by ignoring <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ubcpress.ca\/the-canadian-department-of-justice-and-the-completion-of-confederation-1867-78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the history<\/a> that led to the 1868 creation of this country\u2019s Department of Justice and the yoking of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ppsc-sppc.gc.ca\/eng\/pub\/fpsd-sfpg\/fps-sfp\/fpd\/ch03.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">minister of justice and attorney general<\/a> jobs in a single cabinet position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image align-right zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/261142\/original\/file-20190227-150721-1mk7ste.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/261142\/original\/file-20190227-150721-1mk7ste.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"Is Sir John A. Macdonald to blame for the Wilson-Raybould affair?\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n              <span class=\"caption\">A painting of Robert Baldwin, 1855, in the U.K.\u2018s National Portrait Gallery. (<span class=\"source\">National Portrait Gallery<\/span>)<\/span><br>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Neither should we necessarily graft British appendages onto our body politic. As early as the 1840s, leading political reformers such as <a href=\"http:\/\/biographi.ca\/en\/bio\/baldwin_robert_8E.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Robert Baldwin<\/a> believed a policy-engaged, made-in-Canada version of attorney general \u201cclothed with its present political character\u201d was required \u201cin a community like ours.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Furthermore, we shouldn\u2019t naively imagine that splitting these positions will somehow magically insulate government legal thinking from the sullying effects or pragmatic influences of politics. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are, in fact, deep-rooted historical reasons why Canada has a combined minister of justice and attorney general. And as with many other contentious issues in modern Canada, to better understand this ministry we must reflect on the mixed legacy of Canada\u2019s founding prime minister   \u2014 who was also the first minister of justice and attorney general.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yes, it could be argued that Sir <a href=\"http:\/\/biographi.ca\/en\/bio\/macdonald_john_alexander_12E.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">John A. Macdonald<\/a>, so often a target for contemporary critics, is ultimately to blame for the Wilson-Raybould affair, too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"filled-the-job-himself\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Filled the job himself<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Or should we credit Macdonald\u2019s peculiar genius for statecraft   \u2014 including the imperfect but practical compromise he struck between the political and legal imperatives of government  \u2014 when he created the unified ministerial position in 1868 and promptly filled the job himself?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s worth noting that the ministry was formed after Washington spy <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/419858\/summary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">George W. Brega<\/a> provided Macdonald with a blueprint of planned changes to the U.S. Attorney General\u2019s office. These matched the kind of dual-role ministry Macdonald was already planning for Ottawa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image align-right zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/261143\/original\/file-20190227-150688-zm7mae.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/261143\/original\/file-20190227-150688-zm7mae.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"Is Sir John A. Macdonald to blame for the Wilson-Raybould affair?\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n              <span class=\"caption\">Hewitt Bernard in 1868 in Ottawa. (<span class=\"source\">Library and Archives Canada<\/span>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY<\/a>)<\/span><br>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The legislation that created Canada\u2019s justice ministry was crafted by Macdonald and his brother-in-law, <a href=\"http:\/\/biographi.ca\/en\/bio\/bernard_hewitt_12E.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hewitt Bernard<\/a>, deputy attorney general at the time. The project reflected Macdonald\u2019s understanding of 19th-century <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/realpolitik\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">realpolitik<\/a> and   \u2014 as head of a fragile, complicated new country   \u2014 his perceived need for the law of the land to be informed by, and sometimes governed by, political considerations. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can hear echoes of Macdonald when Trudeau   \u2014 in response to accusations of political interference in the SNC-Lavalin case   \u2014 refers to his government\u2019s commitment \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/globalnews.ca\/news\/4988388\/justin-trudeau-snc-lavalin-jobs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">to defend jobs and to make sure that our economy is growing<\/a>\u201d while simultaneously \u201cupholding the rule of law.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unspoken (but also discernible in the government\u2019s handling of the case) are concerns about Liberal election fortunes in Quebec   \u2014 concerns referenced by Wilson-Raybould in her testimony.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While Macdonald often spoke about the sanctity of the law, he was a pragmatist. He excelled at working in the small spaces and along the edges of the law   \u2014 in the service of the national interest, as he saw it, but also in his party\u2019s interests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the case of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/pacific-scandal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the Pacific Scandal<\/a>, Macdonald wandered well past the edge of the law. He was consequently exiled from the prime ministership for five years following allegations his government accepted election funds from a shipping magnate in exchange for the contract to build the transcontinental Canadian Pacific Railway. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"the-realities-of-governing\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">The realities of governing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Macdonald probably spoke of the attorney general being responsible for astute legal counsel. It\u2019s not hard to imagine he likely nodded and winked at the realities of how the business of government actually worked in his day. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus the two offices were fused then   \u2014 and remain so today   \u2014 because of Macdonald\u2019s sense of how government ought to function. Canada didn\u2019t get a joint minister of justice and attorney general \u201cjust because;\u201d it\u2019s the result of Macdonald\u2019s very conscious decisions, and his acceptance of the idea that, of course, legal decisions are political.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The dual position has endured under 22 subsequent prime ministers, both Conservative and Liberal. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But times have changed. As Prof. Dodek rightly points out, conflict-of-interest rules and other guiding principles of good governance have evolved. We may well be able to fashion a better ministerial structure in the 21st century than was envisioned 150 years ago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But even if we think Macdonald rather cynical, we may find that keeping the justice and attorney general jobs together under one minister is still the best arrangement for this country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In any case, we shouldn\u2019t approach this worthwhile debate blind to the peculiarities of Canadian history nor swayed too much by the fiction of an apolitical attorney general \u2014 whether wearing one hat or two.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/carleton-university-900\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Carleton University is a member of this unique digital journalism platform that launched in June 2017 to boost visibility of Canada\u2019s academic faculty and researchers. Interested in writing a piece? Please contact <a href=\"mailto:steven.reid3@carleton.ca\">Steven Reid<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/become-an-author\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sign up to become an author<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>All photos provided by The Conversation from various sources.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8212;<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\/\">Carleton Newsroom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/112594\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In her bombshell testimony before a House of Commons committee, Jody Wilson-Raybould, Canada\u2019s former minister of justice and attorney general, described repeated attempts at \u201cpolitical interference\u201d by top government officials. She told of \u201cveiled threats\u201d about her job and dark warnings about being headed for \u201ca collision\u201d with Prime Minister Justin Trudeau over the issue [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":410,"featured_media":63487,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"cu_story_type":[1623],"cu_story_tag":[],"class_list":["post-63486","cu_story","type-cu_story","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","cu_story_type-expert-perspectives"],"acf":{"cu_post_thumbnail":false},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/63486","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/cu_story"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/410"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/63486\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":63493,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/63486\/revisions\/63493"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/63487"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=63486"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"cu_story_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story_type?post=63486"},{"taxonomy":"cu_story_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story_tag?post=63486"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}