{"id":65022,"date":"2020-03-23T12:45:56","date_gmt":"2020-03-23T16:45:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\/?post_type=cu_story&p=65022"},"modified":"2025-08-19T09:37:23","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T13:37:23","slug":"covid-19-racism-emergency-measures","status":"publish","type":"cu_story","link":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/story\/covid-19-racism-emergency-measures\/","title":{"rendered":"Coronavirus: Racism and the long-term impacts of emergency measures in Canada"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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\n Coronavirus: Racism and the long-term impacts of emergency measures in Canada\n <\/h1>\n \n <\/header>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <\/path>\n <\/path>\n <\/svg>\n <\/div>\n\n \n\n <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n

The dangers to public health during the COVID-19 pandemic are terrifying, so it\u2019s not surprising governments around the world are taking extraordinary measures to curb its spread, including closing borders to non-nationals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Canada has become one of many countries to either partially or completely close their borders<\/a> and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has also announced that Canada will no longer consider asylum claims<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

We are living through an exceptional situation and governments are taking extreme steps as a result. At the same time, we know extraordinary measures can have enduring and profoundly damaging effects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Canada, the War Measures Act<\/a>, the predecessor to the Emergencies Act<\/a> (the legislation that Trudeau has considered invoking as part of the government\u2019s response to the pandemic<\/a>), was used on three occasions: during the First World War, the Second World War and the 1970 FLQ Crisis in Qu\u00e9bec. On each of these occasions, there was broad support for its enactment and then subsequent concern about the scope of its application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thousands interned during WWI<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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During the First World War, 8,579 \u201cenemy aliens\u201d were interned <\/a> \u2014 the term referred to citizens of countries that were at war with Canada who resided in Canada \u2014 as well as hundreds of conscientious objectors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\n In this photo from Dec. 9, 1941, two days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, a Canadian Navy officer questions Japanese Canadian fishermen while confiscating their boat in Esquimault, B.C. (National Archives of Canada\/THE CANADIAN PRESS<\/span>)<\/span>
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Almost 22,000 Japanese Canadians were interned during the Second World War following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the declaration of war against Imperial Japan. About 75 per cent of those interned were Canadian citizens, including 13,000 people who were Canadian-born. Under the sweeping powers of the War Measures Act, the federal government confiscated their property \u2014 including land, fishing boats and businesses \u2014 and sold it at a discount, using some of the funds to pay for the costs of internment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the FLQ crisis<\/a> following the kidnappings of British diplomat James Cross and Qu\u00e9bec cabinet minister and deputy premier Pierre Laporte, the military and police conducted 3,000 searches, detained 497 people, including Qu\u00e9bec nationalists and labour activists, in the pursuit of suspected accomplices. Only 62 people were ever criminally charged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The fallout from all of these excesses was tangible: Ukrainian Canadians, who made up the bulk of the \u201cenemy aliens\u201d in the First World War, fought for decades to be recognized as full citizens; Japanese Canadians sought and received redress<\/a> more than four decades after their internment; Ren\u00e9 Levesque and the Parti Qu\u00e9becois roared to power just six years after the FLQ crisis and very nearly achieved the separatist dream of an independent Qu\u00e9bec in 1980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And so with great power, comes great responsibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This old adage is all the more relevant if one considers the way many of the travel bans have been instituted along national lines: allowing citizens to move but restricting the movement of others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Citizenship can be exclusionary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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In efforts to combat the spread of COVID-19, lines of responsibility and accountability are being forcefully drawn around the lines of citizenship. This is troubling if one considers that citizenship can be exclusionary, especially when it creates hierarchies of priority and, seemingly, of human value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It means, for instance, refugees and unaccompanied minors have been \u201ceffectively abandoned,\u201d according to NGO workers in Europe<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Canada has won international praise over the last few years for its commitment to refugee resettlement in particular, as evidenced by the arrival of 25,000 Syrian refugees in a few short months.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Trudeau has announced that due to these \u201cexceptional times,\u201d a new agreement has been signed with the United States that would see asylum-seekers crossing the border on foot returned to the U.S. This exceptional reaction goes against Canada\u2019s commitments under the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees<\/a> and a 1985 Supreme Court ruling that says refugee claimants have a right to a fair hearing (the Singh decision<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The implicit and explicit nationalism apparent in many state responses to COVID-19, including in the Canadian context, is not necessarily \u201ccontrary to our values\u201d as some have argued<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rather, some of Canada\u2019s earliest restrictions on migration and mobility related to people who were \u201cphysically defective,\u201d \u201cfeeble-minded\u201d or \u201cafflicted with any loathsome disease\u201d to use the language of the 1910 Immigration Act<\/a>. This same act effectively prohibited Black migration to Canada from the United States and the Caribbean on the basis of that they were \u201cunsuited to the climate or requirements of Canada.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A ban on Chinese immigration<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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Prior to that, the federal government used immigration laws in the forms of punitive taxes to exclude Chinese migrants<\/a> who were considered undesirable, in part because of commonly held stereotypes that people from China were immoral, dishonest, unclean, disease-prone and would never assimilate<\/a>. These perceived differences and the ineffectiveness of the original head tax led to a near total ban on Chinese migration from 1923 to 1947<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Structurally, Canada\u2019s immigration system \u2014 and its subsequent and related border controls \u2014 was designed to exclude as much as to include. This remains the case today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As we navigate our current public health issues, it bears contemplation not only about immediate challenges but also what will come after.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the pandemic, there have been many disturbing stories<\/a> of Asian Canadians being targeted and harassed because of racist perceptions about who they are and where they come from \u2014 a situation compounded by U.S. President Donald Trump\u2019s deliberate, nationalistic and racist insistence to give the coronavirus an ethnic and geographic association<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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