{"id":72574,"date":"2020-12-23T12:11:55","date_gmt":"2020-12-23T17:11:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\/?post_type=cu_story&#038;p=72574"},"modified":"2025-08-19T09:37:17","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T13:37:17","slug":"improving-building-ventilation-can-help-us-control-the-spread-of-covid-19-during-the-winter-months","status":"publish","type":"cu_story","link":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/story\/improving-building-ventilation-can-help-us-control-the-spread-of-covid-19-during-the-winter-months\/","title":{"rendered":"Improving building ventilation can help us control the spread of COVID-19 during the winter months"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"w-screen px-6 cu-section cu-section--white ml-offset-center md:px-8 lg:px-14\">\n    <div class=\"space-y-6 cu-max-w-child-max  md:space-y-10 cu-prose-first-last\">\n\n        \n                    \n                    \n            \n    <div class=\"cu-wideimage relative flex items-center justify-center mx-auto px-8 overflow-hidden md:px-16 rounded-xl not-prose  my-6 md:my-12 first:mt-0 bg-opacity-50 bg-cover bg-cu-black-50 pt-24 pb-32 md:pt-28 md:pb-44 lg:pt-36 lg:pb-60 xl:pt-48 xl:pb-72\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/162\/conversation-covid-ventilation-1200w.jpg); background-position: 50% 50%;\">\n\n                    <div class=\"absolute top-0 w-full h-screen\" style=\"background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.600);\"><\/div>\n        \n        <div class=\"relative z-[2] max-w-4xl w-full flex flex-col items-center gap-2 cu-wideimage-image cu-zero-first-last\">\n            <header class=\"mx-auto mb-6 text-center text-white cu-pageheader cu-component-updated cu-pageheader--center md:mb-12\">\n\n                                    <h1 class=\"cu-prose-first-last font-semibold mb-2 text-3xl md:text-4xl lg:text-5xl lg:leading-[3.5rem] cu-pageheader--center text-center mx-auto after:left-px\">\n                        Improving building ventilation can help us control the spread of COVID-19 during the winter months\n                    <\/h1>\n                \n                            <\/header>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"absolute bottom-0 w-full z-[1]\" fill=\"none\" viewbox=\"0 0 1280 312\">\n                <path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M26.412 315.608c-.602-.268-6.655-2.412-13.524-4.769a1943.84 1943.84 0 0 1-14.682-5.144l-2.276-.858v-5.358c0-4.876.086-5.358.773-5.09 1.674.643 21.38 5.84 34.646 9.109 14.682 3.59 28.935 6.858 45.936 10.449l9.874 2.089H57.322c-16.4 0-30.31-.16-30.91-.428ZM460.019 315.233c42.974-10.074 75.602-19.88 132.443-39.867 76.16-26.791 152.063-57.709 222.385-90.663 16.7-7.823 21.336-10.074 44.262-21.273 85.004-41.688 134.719-64.193 195.291-88.413 66.55-26.577 145.2-53.584 194.27-66.765C1258.5 5.626 1281.34 0 1282.24 0c.17 0 .34 27.596.34 61.3v61.299l-2.23.375c-84.7 13.718-165.93 35.955-310.736 84.931-46.494 15.753-65.427 22.076-96.166 32.15-9.102 3-24.814 8.198-34.989 11.574-107.543 35.954-153.008 50.422-196.626 62.639l-6.74 1.876-89.126-.054c-78.135-.054-88.782-.161-85.948-.857ZM729.628 312.875c33.229-10.985 69.248-23.523 127.506-44.207 118.705-42.223 164.596-57.709 217.446-73.302 2.62-.75 8.29-2.465 12.67-3.751 56.19-16.772 126.94-33.597 184.17-43.671 5.07-.91 9.66-1.768 10.22-1.875l.94-.161v170.236l-281.28-.054H719.968l9.66-3.215ZM246.864 313.411c-65.041-2.251-143.047-12.11-208.432-26.256-18.375-3.965-41.73-9.538-42.202-10.074-.171-.214-.257-21.38-.214-47.046l.129-46.618 6.654 3.697c57.313 32.043 118.491 56.531 197.699 79.143 40.313 11.521 83.459 18.058 138.669 21.059 15.584.857 65.685.857 81.14 0 33.744-1.876 61.306-4.93 88.396-9.806 6.396-1.126 11.634-1.983 11.722-1.929.255.375-20.48 7.769-30.999 11.038-28.592 8.948-59.288 15.646-91.873 20.147-26.36 3.59-50.015 5.627-78.35 6.698-15.584.59-55.209.59-72.339-.053Z\"><\/path>\n                <path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M-3.066 295.067 32.06 304.1v9.033H-3.066v-18.066Z\"><\/path>\n            <\/svg>\n            <\/div>\n\n    \n\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<p>As predicted, we are in the middle of second wave of COVID-19. As of Dec. 23, the world has <a href=\"https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/map.html\">seen over 78 million confirmed cases and 1.7 million deaths<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the few successes to emerge has been the creation of COVID-19 vaccines in record time. But <a href=\"https:\/\/ottawacitizen.com\/news\/local-news\/vaccine-an-encouraging-milestone-but-theres-still-work-ahead-says-etches\">vaccination will not provide immediate relief<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are many unanswered questions about the efficacy of the vaccines. For instance, vaccine studies mostly tracked how many of the individuals that were vaccinated became sick. It is not known if the vaccinated individuals can still carry the virus asymptomatically; vaccinated people don\u2019t show symptoms, but some may <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/12\/08\/health\/covid-vaccine-mask.html\">continue to have virus in the nose and throat that can replicate and spread<\/a>. We also do not know about the chances of reinfection or long-term immunity. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div align=\"center\">\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\"><p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">&#8220;The Pfizer\/BioNTech vaccine prevents clinical disease but it it still unclear if it prevents asymptomatic infection, or asymptomatic transmission.&#8221; Anthony Fauci, MD<br>Complete interview at <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/GT3ET6GzLh\">https:\/\/t.co\/GT3ET6GzLh<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/COVID19?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#COVID19<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Coronavirus?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Coronavirus<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Fauci?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Fauci<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/covidvaccine?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#covidvaccine<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/YRKuidhBNb\">pic.twitter.com\/YRKuidhBNb<\/a><\/p><p>\u2014 JAMA (@JAMA_current) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/JAMA_current\/status\/1338511835310546947?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">December 14, 2020<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> <script async=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Infection with COVID-19 comes with a risk of death and puts strain on our health-care system, but there is also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/coronavirus\/in-depth\/coronavirus-long-term-effects\/art-20490351\">a risk of long-term health effects<\/a>. The bottom line is that we cannot let our guard down: we need to continue wearing masks, keep our physical distance, wash our hands, and avoid crowds and indoor events in poor ventilated areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As the vaccine is distributed, we might find ourselves relaxing our guard before it is safe to do so. And as the weather grows increasingly colder, reducing our options for outdoor activities and gatherings, we need to consider how the disease spreads indoors and the importance of ventilation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"avoiding-crowded-indoors\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Avoiding crowded indoors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The evidence for <a href=\"https:\/\/first10em.com\/covid-19-is-spread-by-aerosols-an-evidence-review\/\">aerosol transmission is overwhelming<\/a>. Three of the most important factors that determine the risk of exposure are proximity to people, duration of the exposure and the quality of the air. When the three are combined, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/2418ff87-1d41-41b5-b638-38f5164a2e94\">the risk is higher<\/a>, as seen in numerous superspreader events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>COVID-19 <a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abf0521\">spreads through inhalation of the virus<\/a>. An infected person breathes out aerosols that can remain suspended in the air <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/more\/scientific-brief-sars-cov-2.html\">for up to three hours<\/a>. Transmission indoors can be around <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ina.12766\">20 times higher than outdoors<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We have to think about SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 <a href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/5883081\/covid-19-transmitted-aerosols\/\">spreading like cigarette second-hand smoking<\/a> in a closed space. Imagine being indoors where smoking is permitted: the exhaled smoke can spread in poorly ventilated spaces. The amount of particles inhaled close to the source is higher, but, with time, the smoke will fill the whole room and everybody will breathe the contaminated air.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Indoor transmission by aerosols has been <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/prevent-getting-sick\/how-covid-spreads.html\">recognized by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/health\/coronavirus-canada-aerosol-transmission-covid-19-1.5789906\">Public Health Agency of Canada<\/a>. The World Health Organization recommends <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/advice-for-public\">avoiding indoor spaces whenever possible and ensuring proper ventilation in the fight against COVID-19<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We need to take these recommendations seriously during the holiday season: we need to <a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.31756\">reduce the number of close contacts<\/a>, in particular in indoor settings, wear masks and ventilate the rooms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"modelling-ventilation-indoors\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Modelling ventilation indoors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At present, my research team is interested in different aspects of indoor ventilation. We are combining building information modelling and <a href=\"https:\/\/sustain.sce.carleton.ca\/\">indoor viral spread models<\/a> to study different strategies to return to indoor gatherings and address potential future outbreaks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One example we used was the site of a COVID-19 outbreak associated with the use of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2607.200764\">air conditioning in a restaurant in Guangzhou, China<\/a>. We showed how the airflow produced by the ventilation system affected 10 different individuals. Our team used the floor plans of the restaurant and built a model that can easily be adapted for different factors, such as different positioning of the ventilation sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure align=\"center\">\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/QZfevexabPk?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">A video showing different models of aerosol diffusion through ventilation in a restaurant in Guangzhou, China.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Modelling and simulating indoor ventilation is important: we need to find out which factors \u2014 like circulating fresh air or using high-quality air filters \u2014 are likely to reduce transmission risk. Simulated virtual environments can be quite informative, as it\u2019s not possible to run experiments with people and COVID-19. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, there is limited information about how infectious SARS-CoV-2 is. Although we know that <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30172-5\">people shed different amounts of the virus<\/a>, we don\u2019t know how much virus someone has to inhale to become sick. Using a simulated virtual environment can be useful to conduct different experiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The models we constructed allow us to study different scenarios. For instance, we include <a href=\"http:\/\/jv.colostate.edu\/masktesting\/\">different types of fabric<\/a> used for the masks by different individuals as well as the different fitting positions of the masks, which can influence <a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.4221\">the amount of virus transmitted or inhaled<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure align=\"center\">\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/9D6nE-eY9js?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Using a game to study the effects of mask-wearing.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The building models can easily adjust different factors for analysis, such as different physical arrangements of people (and their relative physical distance), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ashrae.org\/file%20library\/technical%20resources\/ashrae%20journal\/2020journaldocuments\/72-74_ieq_schoen.pdf\">various ventilation methods<\/a>, a range of air qualities and even the use of portable HEPA filters to reduce <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/in-depth\/graphics\/2020\/10\/18\/improving-indoor-air-quality-prevent-covid-19\/3566978001\/\">the probability of being infected<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And now that there are vaccines, we\u2019ll need to factor in how the vaccination process will affect disease transmission. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure align=\"center\">\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/7zkrVQy45M4?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Integrating a simulation model with a Geographical Information System showing the spread of COVID-19 in Ontario.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the meantime, we need to remain vigilant, and focus on the <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.03.007\">social aspects of the pandemic<\/a>: online misinformation, social behaviours and public health communication strategies. These are important for all air-transmitted diseases (seasonal flu, colds), including any future pandemics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/carleton-university-900\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Carleton University is a member of this unique digital journalism platform that launched in June 2017 to boost visibility of Canada\u2019s academic faculty and researchers. Interested in writing a piece? Please contact <a href=\"mailto:steven.reid3@carleton.ca\">Steven Reid<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/become-an-author\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sign up to become an author<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>All photos provided by The Conversation from various sources.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8212;<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\/\">Carleton Newsroom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/151562\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As predicted, we are in the middle of second wave of COVID-19. As of Dec. 23, the world has seen over 78 million confirmed cases and 1.7 million deaths. One of the few successes to emerge has been the creation of COVID-19 vaccines in record time. But vaccination will not provide immediate relief. There are [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":410,"featured_media":72585,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"cu_story_type":[1623],"cu_story_tag":[],"class_list":["post-72574","cu_story","type-cu_story","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","cu_story_type-expert-perspectives"],"acf":{"cu_post_thumbnail":"blueprint"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/72574","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/cu_story"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/410"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/72574\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":72586,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/72574\/revisions\/72586"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/72585"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=72574"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"cu_story_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story_type?post=72574"},{"taxonomy":"cu_story_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story_tag?post=72574"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}