{"id":75852,"date":"2021-04-12T17:00:32","date_gmt":"2021-04-12T21:00:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\/?post_type=cu_story&#038;p=75852"},"modified":"2025-08-19T09:37:15","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T13:37:15","slug":"nft-performance-art","status":"publish","type":"cu_story","link":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/story\/nft-performance-art\/","title":{"rendered":"NFT performance art: Corporations could capitalize on protest"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"w-screen px-6 cu-section cu-section--white ml-offset-center md:px-8 lg:px-14\">\n    <div class=\"space-y-6 cu-max-w-child-max  md:space-y-10 cu-prose-first-last\">\n\n        \n                    \n                    \n            \n    <div class=\"cu-wideimage relative flex items-center justify-center mx-auto px-8 overflow-hidden md:px-16 rounded-xl not-prose  my-6 md:my-12 first:mt-0 bg-opacity-50 bg-cover bg-cu-black-50 pt-24 pb-32 md:pt-28 md:pb-44 lg:pt-36 lg:pb-60 xl:pt-48 xl:pb-72\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/162\/conversation-nft-performance-art-1200w-1.jpg); background-position: 50% 50%;\">\n\n                    <div class=\"absolute top-0 w-full h-screen\" style=\"background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.600);\"><\/div>\n        \n        <div class=\"relative z-[2] max-w-4xl w-full flex flex-col items-center gap-2 cu-wideimage-image cu-zero-first-last\">\n            <header class=\"mx-auto mb-6 text-center text-white cu-pageheader cu-component-updated cu-pageheader--center md:mb-12\">\n\n                                    <h1 class=\"cu-prose-first-last font-semibold mb-2 text-3xl md:text-4xl lg:text-5xl lg:leading-[3.5rem] cu-pageheader--center text-center mx-auto after:left-px\">\n                        NFT performance art: Corporations could capitalize on protest\n                    <\/h1>\n                \n                            <\/header>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"absolute bottom-0 w-full z-[1]\" fill=\"none\" viewbox=\"0 0 1280 312\">\n                <path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M26.412 315.608c-.602-.268-6.655-2.412-13.524-4.769a1943.84 1943.84 0 0 1-14.682-5.144l-2.276-.858v-5.358c0-4.876.086-5.358.773-5.09 1.674.643 21.38 5.84 34.646 9.109 14.682 3.59 28.935 6.858 45.936 10.449l9.874 2.089H57.322c-16.4 0-30.31-.16-30.91-.428ZM460.019 315.233c42.974-10.074 75.602-19.88 132.443-39.867 76.16-26.791 152.063-57.709 222.385-90.663 16.7-7.823 21.336-10.074 44.262-21.273 85.004-41.688 134.719-64.193 195.291-88.413 66.55-26.577 145.2-53.584 194.27-66.765C1258.5 5.626 1281.34 0 1282.24 0c.17 0 .34 27.596.34 61.3v61.299l-2.23.375c-84.7 13.718-165.93 35.955-310.736 84.931-46.494 15.753-65.427 22.076-96.166 32.15-9.102 3-24.814 8.198-34.989 11.574-107.543 35.954-153.008 50.422-196.626 62.639l-6.74 1.876-89.126-.054c-78.135-.054-88.782-.161-85.948-.857ZM729.628 312.875c33.229-10.985 69.248-23.523 127.506-44.207 118.705-42.223 164.596-57.709 217.446-73.302 2.62-.75 8.29-2.465 12.67-3.751 56.19-16.772 126.94-33.597 184.17-43.671 5.07-.91 9.66-1.768 10.22-1.875l.94-.161v170.236l-281.28-.054H719.968l9.66-3.215ZM246.864 313.411c-65.041-2.251-143.047-12.11-208.432-26.256-18.375-3.965-41.73-9.538-42.202-10.074-.171-.214-.257-21.38-.214-47.046l.129-46.618 6.654 3.697c57.313 32.043 118.491 56.531 197.699 79.143 40.313 11.521 83.459 18.058 138.669 21.059 15.584.857 65.685.857 81.14 0 33.744-1.876 61.306-4.93 88.396-9.806 6.396-1.126 11.634-1.983 11.722-1.929.255.375-20.48 7.769-30.999 11.038-28.592 8.948-59.288 15.646-91.873 20.147-26.36 3.59-50.015 5.627-78.35 6.698-15.584.59-55.209.59-72.339-.053Z\"><\/path>\n                <path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M-3.066 295.067 32.06 304.1v9.033H-3.066v-18.066Z\"><\/path>\n            <\/svg>\n            <\/div>\n\n    \n\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<p>Russian <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/artanddesign\/2018\/sep\/03\/roadkill-radical-art-group-apolitical\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">artist Petr Davydtchenko<\/a> made what what he claims was the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theartnewspaper.com\/news\/could-this-video-of-a-man-eating-a-bat-be-the-first-performance-art-nft\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">first performance art NFT<\/a> in February. According to an article in <em>The Art Newspaper<\/em>, in a digital recording, Davydtchenko \u201ceats a live bat in front of the European Parliament in Brussels.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An NFT, or non-fungible token, is a digital record of the stake in ownership of a digital object (but not the copyright), often an artwork. This digital certificate says, \u201cI paid for this special thing, now it\u2019s mine!\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The Art Newspaper<\/em> reports Davydtchenko\u2019s \u201cperformance\u201d had received only one bid of 2.5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coinspeaker.com\/guides\/what-is-wrapped-ethereum-weth\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wrapped ethereum<\/a>, valued <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theartnewspaper.com\/news\/could-this-video-of-a-man-eating-a-bat-be-the-first-performance-art-nft\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">at $3,848<\/a> when the story was published on Feb. 26. But <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/business\/nft-analysis-explainer-1.5933536\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">profits for some NFTs go into the millions<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Davydtchenko says the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brusselstimes.com\/news\/belgium-all-news\/155740\/activist-who-ate-live-bat-in-front-of-european-parliament-brussels-belgium-taken-into-police-custody-released\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">event was a protest<\/a> against pharmaceutical companies. Davydtchenko\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bps22.be\/en\/exhibitions\/petr-davydtchenko\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">performance art references vaccines and COVID-19<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a scholar of communication and performance studies, what interests me is how NFTs are redrawing parts of the art world in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.openculture.com\/?p=1087781\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">radical ways<\/a> by raising questions about how artists, audiences and critics understand performance, criticism or protest in a capitalist society. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We should keep an ear open not only to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theartnewspaper.com\/comment\/the-nft-craze-encapsulates-the-absurdity-of-the-art-world-and-its-obsession-with-authenticity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">questions about authenticity and who profits<\/a> but also about what these kinds of transactions mean for us as spectators, virtual audience members and human beings. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"performance-check-on-war\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Performance check on war<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>NFT art may seem new and bizarre, but can rightly be seen as part of a longer tradition of performance art and cultural criticism. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a response to the trauma of the First World War, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/art\/art-terms\/d\/dada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the Dada art movement<\/a> formed in Zurich, Switzerland. In 1916, performance artist Hugo Ball drafted a <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00168890.2016.1223488\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dada manifesto<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ball\u2019s work used nonsense words and costumes, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theartstory.org\/artist\/ball-hugo\/artworks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">as he said, to challenge \u201cthe rationalized language of modernity,\u201d emblematic of the \u201cagony and death throes\u201d of the age<\/a>.<br>\nInto the 1920s, <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.ca\/books\/about\/Dada_Performance.html?id=jLbWAAAAMAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">performers continued to reflect on the violence<\/a> seen in Europe and the excesses of the roaring \u201820s. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Case for Performance Art | The Art Assignment | PBS Digital Studios\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/EmMTKdUAokM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In the 1960s and \u201870s, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theartstory.org\/movement\/fluxus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the Fluxus movement<\/a>, a revival of many Dadaist ideas, used performance in a similar way. One pioneering example of this was <a href=\"https:\/\/artsolido.com\/2017\/02\/18\/yoko-ono-the-cut-piece-that-changed-forever-the-relationship-between-artist-and-audience\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Yoko Ono\u2019s \u201cCut Piece\u201d<\/a> first performed in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.moma.org\/learn\/moma_learning\/yoko-ono-cut-piece-1964\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kyoto, Japan, in 1964<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ono sat on a stage and instructed audiences to use scissors to remove parts of her clothing. Ono told Reuters <a href=\"https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/244759\/figure\/img03\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">39 years after the first performance that she did the performance \u201cagainst ageism, against racism, against sexism and against violence<\/a>.\u201d Some critics <a href=\"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/pajj\/article\/30\/3%20(90)\/81\/55361\/Yoko-Ono-s-Cut-Piece-From-Text-to-Performance-and\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">suggested the performance was also a comment on the conflict in Vietnam<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"role-of-spectator-purchaser\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Role of spectator, purchaser<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cCut Piece,\u201d and similar performances are living moments of shared human connection and meaning that are time-and-place specific. One can imagine that meanings understood by audience members of \u201cCut Piece\u201d in Japan 1964 or in France 2003 could differ for many reasons. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Such site-specific resonances are challenged when a performance is tokenized as an NFT. Is Davydtchenko\u2019s \u201cperformance\u201d the eating of the bat? Or is it the NFT pointing to a recording of that event? Or is the performance would-be bidders or critics engaging in a public debate about devouring an animal whose species is associated with COVID-19? Davydtchenko\u2019s work raises questions about what is being bought and sold, and the role of the purchaser or spectator. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Performance studies pioneer Peggy Phelan argued <a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Unmarked-The-Politics-of-Performance\/Phelan\/p\/book\/9780415068222\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">that performance can disrupt and challenge the capitalist art market that creates value often disconnected<\/a> from relationships between artists and audiences. From a Marxist perspective, this disconnected \u201cextra\u201d meaning is \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/vygodsky\/unknown\/surplus_value.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">surplus value<\/a>,\u201d the value that exceeds the money a worker earns for their labour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/393259\/original\/file-20210402-15-11qpmy1.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"Yoko Ono and audience member onstage.\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n              <span class=\"caption\">Yoko Ono performs \u2018Cut Piece\u2019 in Paris, 2003.<\/span><br>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">(LoveMattersMost\/Flickr)<\/span><\/span><br>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"changing-the-aura-of-art\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Changing the &#8216;aura\u2019 of art<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Phelan\u2019s analysis suggests how NFTs follow a tradition of art criticism that has questioned moral responsibility in the age of mass production and mass media consumption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1936, German critic and philosopher <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/benjamin\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Walter Benjamin<\/a>, of the famed <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/critical-theory\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Frankfurt School for Social Research<\/a>, applied Marxist ideas about how manufacturing workers become alienated from their labour <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/reference\/subject\/philosophy\/works\/ge\/benjamin.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">and applied them to art<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Performance scholar Philip Auslander has explained how in a capitalist society alienation means \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.almutadaber.com\/books\/book1_13905.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">workers become commodities when they must sell their alienated labour in the marketplace, just as other goods are sold<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Benjamin suggested new media technologies \u201cdemystified\u201d art. The reproduction of <a href=\"https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED482090\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">art challenged what he called its \u201caura<\/a>,\u201d or its unique originality. Reproducing visual art, for example, through printing, freed it from the precious spaces of the museum and made it accessible to the working classes. No more would a person need to travel to see the Mona Lisa: It was now available on a postcard or T-shirt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The problem, argued Benjamin, is that \u201caura\u201d is also a relationship to meaning. Once the \u201caura\u201d is gone, artwork can be repurposed for purely economic, and even dangerously political ends. Indeed, the Nazis used symbols, artworks <a href=\"https:\/\/www.phaidon.com\/store\/design\/iron-fists-9780714861098\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">and mass branding to legitimize and circulate Fascist ideologies<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Culture critic Jonathan Beller notes Benjamin recognized how new media could be used to preserve and advance ancient \u201ccultic values\u201d such as genius, mystery and authenticity, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coindesk.com\/fascism-blockchain-art-nfts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">and understood fascism as advancing \u201cthe introduction of esthetics into political life\u201d to promote \u201ccult worship through mass entertainment.\u201d<\/a> So far, we haven\u2019t seen NFTs directly associated with fascism, but as Beller notes, through NFTs, political manipulation through art could be a possibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"instability-of-dissent\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Instability of dissent?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Such questions of manipulation can be explored through considering Davydtchenko\u2019s performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Is Davydtchenko\u2019s bat eating an act of political dissent, as he claims, or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brusselstimes.com\/belgium\/155438\/russian-performance-artist-activist-petr-davydtchencko-will-eat-a-live-bat-outside-brussels-belgium-eu-parliament\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">simply a cruel event<\/a>? What of those who pay for it or share the publicity: Have they been manipulated into amplifying something grotesque?  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There is also the question of the stability of digital work itself. An NFT\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2021\/3\/25\/22349242\/nft-metadata-explained-art-crypto-urls-links-ipfs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">link to a digital file is based purely on trust and potentially error-prone technology<\/a>. But what if stolen NFTs could surface in strange places? The site <em>Hyperallergic<\/em> reports that some buyers say \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/hyperallergic.com\/629328\/reports-of-stolen-art-on-nft-marketplace-raise-issues-for-crypto-collectors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hackings have exposed holes in a technology often touted as a foolproof record of ownership<\/a>.\u201d Could NFTs become the next forms of cybercrime or hate crimes, akin to defacing a public mural, or Zoom-bombing a performance?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"when-corporations-seek-to-capitalize\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">When corporations seek to capitalize<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Applying performance and cultural critiques to NFTs helps us consider how political resistance may be either amplified or co-opted when corporations seek to capitalize on political actions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As I have <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1386\/post.5.1.29_1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">written before<\/a>,<br>\nNike quickly sought to capitalize on NFL player Colin Kaepernick\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/globalnews.ca\/news\/7035746\/colin-kaepernick-timeline\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2016 kneeling<\/a> during the U.S. national anthem, an act of protest against police brutality and racial injustice. Could Nike look to sell the \u201ckneel,\u201d or other similar acts, as an NFT? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How Nike Turns Controversy Into Dollars\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Yvkf88eSTrI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>When we see <a href=\"https:\/\/mashable.com\/article\/nyan-cat-meme-non-fungible-token-sale-300-ethereum\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the prices some are paying for NFT art<\/a>, we must assume that more performances will circulate as NFTs, and consider what this may mean for the possibilities of performance and political dissent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/carleton-university-900\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Carleton University is a member of this unique digital journalism platform that launched in June 2017 to boost visibility of Canada\u2019s academic faculty and researchers. Interested in writing a piece? Please contact <a href=\"mailto:steven.reid3@carleton.ca\">Steven Reid<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/become-an-author\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sign up to become an author<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>All photos provided by The Conversation from various sources.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8212;<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\/\">Carleton Newsroom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/157557\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Russian artist Petr Davydtchenko made what what he claims was the first performance art NFT in February. According to an article in The Art Newspaper, in a digital recording, Davydtchenko \u201ceats a live bat in front of the European Parliament in Brussels.\u201d An NFT, or non-fungible token, is a digital record of the stake in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":410,"featured_media":75856,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"cu_story_type":[1623],"cu_story_tag":[],"class_list":["post-75852","cu_story","type-cu_story","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","cu_story_type-expert-perspectives"],"acf":{"cu_post_thumbnail":false},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/75852","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/cu_story"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/410"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/75852\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":75858,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/75852\/revisions\/75858"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/75856"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=75852"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"cu_story_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story_type?post=75852"},{"taxonomy":"cu_story_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story_tag?post=75852"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}