{"id":78108,"date":"2021-07-06T12:00:13","date_gmt":"2021-07-06T16:00:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\/?post_type=cu_story&#038;p=78108"},"modified":"2025-08-19T09:37:13","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T13:37:13","slug":"rethink-ventilation-schools","status":"publish","type":"cu_story","link":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/story\/rethink-ventilation-schools\/","title":{"rendered":"Rethink ventilation for a safe return to schools after the COVID-19 pandemic"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"w-screen px-6 cu-section cu-section--white ml-offset-center md:px-8 lg:px-14\">\n    <div class=\"space-y-6 cu-max-w-child-max  md:space-y-10 cu-prose-first-last\">\n\n        \n                    \n                    \n            \n    <div class=\"cu-wideimage relative flex items-center justify-center mx-auto px-8 overflow-hidden md:px-16 rounded-xl not-prose  my-6 md:my-12 first:mt-0 bg-opacity-50 bg-cover bg-cu-black-50 pt-24 pb-32 md:pt-28 md:pb-44 lg:pt-36 lg:pb-60 xl:pt-48 xl:pb-72\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/162\/conversation-rethink-ventilation-1200w-1.jpg); background-position: 50% 50%;\">\n\n                    <div class=\"absolute top-0 w-full h-screen\" style=\"background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.600);\"><\/div>\n        \n        <div class=\"relative z-[2] max-w-4xl w-full flex flex-col items-center gap-2 cu-wideimage-image cu-zero-first-last\">\n            <header class=\"mx-auto mb-6 text-center text-white cu-pageheader cu-component-updated cu-pageheader--center md:mb-12\">\n\n                                    <h1 class=\"cu-prose-first-last font-semibold mb-2 text-3xl md:text-4xl lg:text-5xl lg:leading-[3.5rem] cu-pageheader--center text-center mx-auto after:left-px\">\n                        Rethink ventilation for a safe return to schools after the COVID-19 pandemic\n                    <\/h1>\n                \n                            <\/header>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"absolute bottom-0 w-full z-[1]\" fill=\"none\" viewbox=\"0 0 1280 312\">\n                <path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M26.412 315.608c-.602-.268-6.655-2.412-13.524-4.769a1943.84 1943.84 0 0 1-14.682-5.144l-2.276-.858v-5.358c0-4.876.086-5.358.773-5.09 1.674.643 21.38 5.84 34.646 9.109 14.682 3.59 28.935 6.858 45.936 10.449l9.874 2.089H57.322c-16.4 0-30.31-.16-30.91-.428ZM460.019 315.233c42.974-10.074 75.602-19.88 132.443-39.867 76.16-26.791 152.063-57.709 222.385-90.663 16.7-7.823 21.336-10.074 44.262-21.273 85.004-41.688 134.719-64.193 195.291-88.413 66.55-26.577 145.2-53.584 194.27-66.765C1258.5 5.626 1281.34 0 1282.24 0c.17 0 .34 27.596.34 61.3v61.299l-2.23.375c-84.7 13.718-165.93 35.955-310.736 84.931-46.494 15.753-65.427 22.076-96.166 32.15-9.102 3-24.814 8.198-34.989 11.574-107.543 35.954-153.008 50.422-196.626 62.639l-6.74 1.876-89.126-.054c-78.135-.054-88.782-.161-85.948-.857ZM729.628 312.875c33.229-10.985 69.248-23.523 127.506-44.207 118.705-42.223 164.596-57.709 217.446-73.302 2.62-.75 8.29-2.465 12.67-3.751 56.19-16.772 126.94-33.597 184.17-43.671 5.07-.91 9.66-1.768 10.22-1.875l.94-.161v170.236l-281.28-.054H719.968l9.66-3.215ZM246.864 313.411c-65.041-2.251-143.047-12.11-208.432-26.256-18.375-3.965-41.73-9.538-42.202-10.074-.171-.214-.257-21.38-.214-47.046l.129-46.618 6.654 3.697c57.313 32.043 118.491 56.531 197.699 79.143 40.313 11.521 83.459 18.058 138.669 21.059 15.584.857 65.685.857 81.14 0 33.744-1.876 61.306-4.93 88.396-9.806 6.396-1.126 11.634-1.983 11.722-1.929.255.375-20.48 7.769-30.999 11.038-28.592 8.948-59.288 15.646-91.873 20.147-26.36 3.59-50.015 5.627-78.35 6.698-15.584.59-55.209.59-72.339-.053Z\"><\/path>\n                <path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M-3.066 295.067 32.06 304.1v9.033H-3.066v-18.066Z\"><\/path>\n            <\/svg>\n            <\/div>\n\n    \n\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<p>This article is <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/-for-a-safe-return-to-schools-after-the-covid-19-pandemic-163219\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">republished<\/a> from The Conversation under a Creative Commons licence. All photos provided by <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">The Conversation<\/a> from various sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The COVID-19 pandemic has taken its toll on everyone and we are all looking forward to getting back to normal. But an ill-planned return could result in new COVID-19 waves, which means more stay-at-home orders and further <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-51706225\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">economic decline<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/health-emergencies\/coronavirus-covid-19\/publications-and-technical-guidance\/mental-health-and-covid-19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mental stress challenges<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is exacerbated by the appearance of new <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/997418\/Variants_of_Concern_VOC_Technical_Briefing_17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">variants of concern<\/a>, which are more infectious. Recent reports showed that the Delta and Kappa variants, which originated in India, can be transmitted in seconds by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-06-24\/covid-delta-kappa-variant-spread-in-fleeting-moment-nsw-vic\/100238680\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">simply walking next to an infected individual<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Planning the smooth resumption of indoor activities under current circumstances can be challenging because there are many factors involved in ensuring a safe return. Ventilation in schools needs to be improved before kids return to class and safety measures must be tested and followed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"safe-return-to-normal\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Safe return to normal<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Some measures for guaranteeing a safe return to normal have already been taken, like providing vaccines to everyone. The COVID-19 vaccine <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-you-should-get-a-covid-19-vaccine-even-if-youve-already-had-the-coronavirus-155712\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">provides considerably more protection than natural immunity<\/a> and is more than 90 per cent effective at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/70\/wr\/mm7018e1.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">preventing hospitalization for older adults<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So far, there have been no guarantees that school children will be fully vaccinated before going back to school. More data is expected about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/healthcare-pharmaceuticals\/pfizer-start-large-study-test-covid-19-vaccine-children-below-12-2021-06-08\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the effect of vaccines on children between five and under 12 years of age<\/a>, possibly after schools start. However, data for kindergarten children is not expected to be available at that time. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Other measures need to be taken to ensure the safety of schoolchildren before that time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure>\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"688\" height=\"407\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/CjBtKSETpjY?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">CBC looks at ventilation in schools.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"safe-schools\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Safe schools<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Measures such as physical distancing, proper ventilation and well-fitted face masks can substantially lower infection risks, if done properly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Respirators like N95 and FFP <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15459624.2021.1926468\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">are more effective than single-layer or surgical masks<\/a>. The risk is much higher for <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bccdc.ca\/Health-Professionals-Site\/Documents\/Mask_Use_Health_Care_Facilities.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">health-care professionals<\/a> and recent studies recommend that patients wear masks and <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15459624.2021.1926468\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">first responders and medical experts respirators<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2021\/jan\/18\/germany-weighs-up-mandatory-ffp2-masks-in-shops-and-on-transport\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Germany and other EU countries have mandated wearing respirators in public areas<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The effects of these interventions cannot be studied through experimentation because they compromise individuals\u2019 health. Our research attempts to solve this problem through modelling and simulating the spread of the disease, particularly in indoor spaces in the built environment. Combined with data collection, our simulation models can help plan the safe return to campuses, offices, schools and stores.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The recipe to minimize the risks and create stronger plans can be summarized in three steps. The first step is finding affordable ways to measure indoor infection risks. Second, studying the factors that may elevate or reduce such risks using modelling and simulation. Finally, based on the results of the first two steps, visualizing how to mitigate the infection risks by controlling indoor environmental factors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"step-1-measure-the-risk-of-infection\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 1: Measure the risk of infection<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There have been delays in recognizing that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businesstoday.in\/current\/economy-politics\/covid-19-coronavirus-is-airborne-acknowledges-us-cdc\/story\/438609.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SARS-CoV-2 is airborne<\/a>. Airborne viruses are spread through infectious aerosols and ballistic droplets that are emitted by people when they breathe, which can then be inhaled by another person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The risk of inhaling virus-laden air depends on many factors including proximity, air direction and air exchange rate. And the risk of infection <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/australia-news\/2021\/jun\/24\/its-in-the-air-you-breathe-what-you-need-to-know-about-sydneys-delta-covid-variant\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">depends on both the amount of virus-laden air you breathe<\/a> and the amount and type of virus present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a general rule, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/daily-life-coping\/deciding-to-go-out.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the risk of contracting airborne transmitted diseases indoors is high<\/a>. There are numerous cases that show that <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00869-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">aerosols in poorly ventilated indoor environments<\/a> combined with <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-to-prevent-covid-19-superspreader-events-indoors-this-winter-147439\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">superspreader events are the main cause<\/a> for the spread of the disease. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Recent studies show outbreaks in a <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ina.12866\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">poorly ventilated courtroom<\/a> and in various <a href=\"https:\/\/ncceh.ca\/documents\/evidence-review\/contextualizing-risks-indirect-covid-19-transmission-multi-unit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">multi-unit buildings<\/a>. There is increased risk for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-91220-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">group living environments<\/a>, which produced a higher number of secondary transmissions.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To study infection, we use carbon dioxide (CO2) as a proxy: higher CO2 concentrations in a space with infected occupants can be an indication that individuals are <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0668.2003.00189.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">inhaling larger amounts of viral particles<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/408027\/original\/file-20210623-23-ld71jy.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/408027\/original\/file-20210623-23-ld71jy.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"an illustration showing how an infection can spread among people seated in rows\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n              <span class=\"caption\">Simulations can show how infections can spread through particular classroom seating configurations.<\/span><br>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Hoda Khalil\/Gabriel Wainer<\/span>, <span class=\"license\">Author provided<\/span><\/span><br>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>CO2 concentration can be easily measured using affordable sensors. Research has provided <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.estlett.1c00183\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">guidelines for safe indoor CO2 concentration levels that reduce indoor infection risk<\/a>. The threshold of safe indoor CO2 concentration depends on occupants\u2019 activity levels, for example <a href=\"https:\/\/smartbuildingsmagazine.com\/features\/carbon-dioxide-monitoring-to-lower-the-coronavirus-threat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sitting at a desk<\/a> or exercising.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Detailed indoor guides <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2018995118\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">show that the two-metre\/six-foot rule<\/a> is not enough to prevent contagion. Plastic barriers are also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nbcwashington.com\/news\/coronavirus\/do-plastic-barriers-stop-covid-at-schools-stores-offices-experts-weigh-in\/2710949\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">not always useful<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7021e1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">may not result in lower transmission rates<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"step-2-use-simulations-to-conduct-experiments\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 2: Use simulations to conduct experiments<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We created indoor CO2 dispersion models that mimic physical spaces while considering configuration factors that affect CO2 concentration. These factors include CO2 sources (occupants), CO2 sinks (windows and ventilation ports) and spatial dimensions. By comparing data collected from physical spaces and data collected from simulations of these spaces, <a href=\"http:\/\/cell-devs.sce.carleton.ca\/publications\/2020\/KW20b\/Modeling%20Carbon%20Dioxide%20Dispersion%20Indoors%20A%20Cell-DEVS%20Experiment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">our research proved that the models mimic reality to a great extent<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We have used a variation of the models to <a href=\"https:\/\/cell-devs.sce.carleton.ca\/publications\/2021\/AKSCW21\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">predict the risk of infection indoors<\/a>, and have shown how different factors affect infection risks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Measures <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abg2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">should be in place to guarantee a healthy indoor environment<\/a> before attempting to resume indoor activities at full capacity. Our simulation models show that considering simple measures \u2014 like opening windows \u2014 would help improve air quality and reduce the risk of infection indoors. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Poor ventilation would increase the CO2 concentration and consequently the risk of viral infection in the presence of sick occupants. Comparing poorly ventilated spaces to well-ventilated ones through a simulation, with exact configurations and seating arrangements, proves that providing well-ventilated spaces is a must before returning to schools and offices. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image align-center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/408110\/original\/file-20210624-13-yewxgp.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n              <span class=\"caption\">CO2 concentration in parts per million (ppm)<\/span><p><\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure>\n            <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"688\" height=\"407\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Q0GqSX3UyMA?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Simulation shows that strong and distributed ventilation (blue) can help keep the occupants be at a lower risk (green squares) of infection for a longer period, while poor ventilation puts the occupants at high risk (red squares) of infection.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"step-3-plan-ahead\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Step 3: Plan ahead<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>These indoor models provide a way to factor in and measure the effects of adjusting different configurations as needed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our research on simulating indoor CO2 spread is an example of how science and technology can provide affordable tools to support decision-makers. The next step is to apply these recommendations to make well-informed decisions for reopening schools and offices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These recommendations include wearing high-quality masks that fit snugly against your face, <a href=\"https:\/\/ottawacitizen.com\/opinion\/bennett-why-its-time-to-tackle-the-school-ventilation-problem\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">high-quality ventilation and good air and temperature control<\/a> to guarantee a safer return. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The simulation results can also be used to <a href=\"https:\/\/covid19-sciencetable.ca\/sciencebrief\/behavioural-science-principles-for-enhancing-adherence-to-public-health-measures\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">influence human behavior<\/a> by providing positive messaging to help combat <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/how-we-can-deal-with-pandemic-fatigue\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pandemic fatigue<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8212;<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\/\">Carleton Newsroom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/163219\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons licence. All photos provided by The Conversation from various sources. The COVID-19 pandemic has taken its toll on everyone and we are all looking forward to getting back to normal. But an ill-planned return could result in new COVID-19 waves, which means more stay-at-home [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":410,"featured_media":78109,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"cu_story_type":[1623],"cu_story_tag":[],"class_list":["post-78108","cu_story","type-cu_story","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","cu_story_type-expert-perspectives"],"acf":{"cu_post_thumbnail":false},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/78108","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/cu_story"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/410"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/78108\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":78113,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/78108\/revisions\/78113"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/78109"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=78108"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"cu_story_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story_type?post=78108"},{"taxonomy":"cu_story_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story_tag?post=78108"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}