{"id":79386,"date":"2021-10-20T16:00:19","date_gmt":"2021-10-20T20:00:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\/?post_type=cu_story&#038;p=79386"},"modified":"2025-08-19T09:37:12","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T13:37:12","slug":"mining-moon-water-investment","status":"publish","type":"cu_story","link":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/story\/mining-moon-water-investment\/","title":{"rendered":"Mining the moon&#8217;s water will require a massive infrastructure investment, but should we?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"w-screen px-6 cu-section cu-section--white ml-offset-center md:px-8 lg:px-14\">\n    <div class=\"space-y-6 cu-max-w-child-max  md:space-y-10 cu-prose-first-last\">\n\n        \n                    \n                    \n            \n    <div class=\"cu-wideimage relative flex items-center justify-center mx-auto px-8 overflow-hidden md:px-16 rounded-xl not-prose  my-6 md:my-12 first:mt-0 bg-opacity-50 bg-cover bg-cu-black-50 pt-24 pb-32 md:pt-28 md:pb-44 lg:pt-36 lg:pb-60 xl:pt-48 xl:pb-72\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/162\/conversation-mining-moon-water-1200w-1.jpg); background-position: 50% 50%;\">\n\n                    <div class=\"absolute top-0 w-full h-screen\" style=\"background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.600);\"><\/div>\n        \n        <div class=\"relative z-[2] max-w-4xl w-full flex flex-col items-center gap-2 cu-wideimage-image cu-zero-first-last\">\n            <header class=\"mx-auto mb-6 text-center text-white cu-pageheader cu-component-updated cu-pageheader--center md:mb-12\">\n\n                                    <h1 class=\"cu-prose-first-last font-semibold mb-2 text-3xl md:text-4xl lg:text-5xl lg:leading-[3.5rem] cu-pageheader--center text-center mx-auto after:left-px\">\n                        Mining the moon&#039;s water will require a massive infrastructure investment, but should we?\n                    <\/h1>\n                \n                            <\/header>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"absolute bottom-0 w-full z-[1]\" fill=\"none\" viewbox=\"0 0 1280 312\">\n                <path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M26.412 315.608c-.602-.268-6.655-2.412-13.524-4.769a1943.84 1943.84 0 0 1-14.682-5.144l-2.276-.858v-5.358c0-4.876.086-5.358.773-5.09 1.674.643 21.38 5.84 34.646 9.109 14.682 3.59 28.935 6.858 45.936 10.449l9.874 2.089H57.322c-16.4 0-30.31-.16-30.91-.428ZM460.019 315.233c42.974-10.074 75.602-19.88 132.443-39.867 76.16-26.791 152.063-57.709 222.385-90.663 16.7-7.823 21.336-10.074 44.262-21.273 85.004-41.688 134.719-64.193 195.291-88.413 66.55-26.577 145.2-53.584 194.27-66.765C1258.5 5.626 1281.34 0 1282.24 0c.17 0 .34 27.596.34 61.3v61.299l-2.23.375c-84.7 13.718-165.93 35.955-310.736 84.931-46.494 15.753-65.427 22.076-96.166 32.15-9.102 3-24.814 8.198-34.989 11.574-107.543 35.954-153.008 50.422-196.626 62.639l-6.74 1.876-89.126-.054c-78.135-.054-88.782-.161-85.948-.857ZM729.628 312.875c33.229-10.985 69.248-23.523 127.506-44.207 118.705-42.223 164.596-57.709 217.446-73.302 2.62-.75 8.29-2.465 12.67-3.751 56.19-16.772 126.94-33.597 184.17-43.671 5.07-.91 9.66-1.768 10.22-1.875l.94-.161v170.236l-281.28-.054H719.968l9.66-3.215ZM246.864 313.411c-65.041-2.251-143.047-12.11-208.432-26.256-18.375-3.965-41.73-9.538-42.202-10.074-.171-.214-.257-21.38-.214-47.046l.129-46.618 6.654 3.697c57.313 32.043 118.491 56.531 197.699 79.143 40.313 11.521 83.459 18.058 138.669 21.059 15.584.857 65.685.857 81.14 0 33.744-1.876 61.306-4.93 88.396-9.806 6.396-1.126 11.634-1.983 11.722-1.929.255.375-20.48 7.769-30.999 11.038-28.592 8.948-59.288 15.646-91.873 20.147-26.36 3.59-50.015 5.627-78.35 6.698-15.584.59-55.209.59-72.339-.053Z\"><\/path>\n                <path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M-3.066 295.067 32.06 304.1v9.033H-3.066v-18.066Z\"><\/path>\n            <\/svg>\n            <\/div>\n\n    \n\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<p>This article is <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/mining-the-moons-water-will-require-a-massive-infrastructure-investment-but-should-we-117883\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">republished<\/a> from The Conversation under a Creative Commons licence. All photos provided by <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">The Conversation<\/a> from various sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We live in a world in which momentous decisions are made by people often without forethought. But some things are predictable, including that if you continually consume a finite resource without recycling, it will eventually run out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yet, as we set our sights on embarking back to the moon, we will be bringing with us all our bad habits, including our urge for unrestrained consumption. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since the 1994 discovery of <a href=\"https:\/\/nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/planetary\/ice\/ice_moon.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">water ice on the moon by the Clementine spacecraft<\/a>, excitement has reigned at the prospect of a return to the moon. This followed two decades of the doldrums after the end of Apollo, a malaise that was symptomatic of an underlying lack of incentive to return. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Clementine 25th Anniversary Video\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_YKRXypj7i8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>That water changed everything. The water ice deposits are located at the poles of the moon hidden in the depths of craters that are forever devoid of sunlight. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since then, not least due to the International Space Station, we have developed advanced techniques that allow us to recycle water and oxygen with high efficiency. This makes the value of supplying local water for human consumption more tenuous, but if the human population on the Moon grows so will demand. So, what to do with the water on the moon? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are two commonly proposed answers: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/eere\/fuelcells\/types-fuel-cells\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">energy storage using fuel cells<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/topics\/technology\/hydrogen\/hydrogen_fuel_of_choice.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">fuel and oxidizer for propulsion<\/a>. The first is easily dispensed with: fuel cells recycle their hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis when they are recharged, with very little leakage. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"energy-and-fuel\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Energy and fuel<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The second \u2014 currently the primary raison d&#8217;\u00eatre for mining water on the moon \u2014 is more complex but no more compelling. It is worth noting that SpaceX <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.co.uk\/article\/spacex-raptor-engine-starship\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">uses a methane\/oxygen mix in its rockets<\/a>, so they would not require the hydrogen propellant.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, what is being proposed is to mine a precious and finite resource and burn it, just like we have been doing with petroleum and natural gas on Earth. The technology for mining and using resources in space has a technical name: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/isru\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in-situ resource utilization<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And while oxygen is not scarce on the moon (<a href=\"https:\/\/curator.jsc.nasa.gov\/lunar\/lnews\/lnmar97\/oxygen.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">around 40 per cent of the moon\u2019s minerals comprise oxygen<\/a>), hydrogen most certainly is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"extracting-water-from-the-moon\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Extracting water from the moon<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Hydrogen is <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11837-007-0072-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">highly useful as a reductant<\/a> as well as a fuel. The moon is a vast repository of oxygen within its minerals but it requires hydrogen or other reductant to be freed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For instance, ilmenite is an oxide of iron and titanium and is a common mineral on the moon. Heating it to around 1,000 C with hydrogen reduces it to <a href=\"https:\/\/lunarpedia.org\/w\/Ilmenite_Reduction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">water, iron metal (from which an iron-based technology can be leveraged) and titanium oxide<\/a>. The water may be electrolyzed into hydrogen \u2014 which is recycled \u2014 and oxygen; the latter effectively liberated from the ilmenite. By burning hydrogen extracted from water, we are compromising the prospects for future generations: this is the crux of sustainability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But there are other, more pragmatic issues that emerge. How do we access these water ice resources buried near the lunar surface? They are located in terrain that is hostile in every sense of the word, in deep craters hidden from sunlight \u2014 no solar power is available \u2014 at temperatures of around 40 Kelvin, or -233 C. At such cryogenic temperatures, we have no experience in conducting extensive mining operations. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/static.scientificamerican.com\/sciam\/assets\/media\/8-Wonders\/07-PeaksOfLight.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Peaks of eternal light<\/a> are mountain peaks located in the region of the south pole that are exposed to near-constant sunlight. One proposal from NASA\u2019s Jet Propulsion Lab envisages <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/trans-formers-for-lunar-extreme-environments-ensuring-long-term-operations-in-regions-of\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">beaming sunlight from giant reflectors located at these peaks into craters<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427334\/original\/file-20211019-13-1t3yfp7.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427334\/original\/file-20211019-13-1t3yfp7.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"Black and white image of the moon's surface\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n              <span class=\"caption\">Peaks of eternal light on the moon\u2019s surface are exposed to near-constant sunlight.<\/span><br>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/messenger\/multimedia\/messenger_orbit_image20130424_1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">(NASA\/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics)<\/a><\/span><br>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>These giant mirrors must be transported from Earth, landed onto these peaks and installed and controlled remotely to illuminate the deep craters. Then robotic mining vehicles can venture into the now-illuminated deep craters to recover the water ice using the reflected solar energy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Water ice may be sublimed into vapour for recovery by direct thermal or microwave heating &#8211; because of its high heat capacity, this will consume a lot of energy, which must be supplied by the mirrors. Alternatively, it may be physically dug out and subsequently melted at barely more modest temperatures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"using-the-water\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Using the water<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>After recovering the water, it needs to be electrolyzed into hydrogen and oxygen. To store them, they should be liquefied for minimum storage tank volume.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Although oxygen can be liquefied easily, hydrogen liquefies at 30 Kelvin (-243 C) at a minimum of 15 bar pressure. This requires extra energy to liquefy hydrogen and maintain it as liquid without boil-off. This cryogenically cooled hydrogen and oxygen (LH2\/LOX) must be transported to its location of use while maintaining its low temperature.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, now we have our propellant stocks for launching stuff from the moon. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This will require a launchpad, which may be located at the moon\u2019s equator for maximum flexibility of launching into any orbital inclination as a polar launch site will be limited to polar launches \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/gateway\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">to the planned Lunar Gateway only<\/a>. A lunar launchpad will require extensive infrastructure development. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In summary, the apparent ease of extracting water ice from the lunar poles belies a complex infrastructure required to achieve it. The costs of infrastructure installation will negate the cost savings rationale for in-situ resource utilization. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Water on the Moon\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/l2CfQV0UCAk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"alternatives-to-extraction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Alternatives to extraction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There are more preferable options. Hydrogen reduction of ilmenite to yield iron metal, rutile and oxygen provides most of the advantages of exploiting water. Oxygen constitutes the lion\u2019s share of the LH2\/LOX mixture. It involves no great infrastructure: thermal power may be generated by modest-sized solar concentrators integrated into the processing units. Each unit can be deployed where it is required \u2013 there is no need for long traverses between sites of supply and demand. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hence, we can achieve almost the same function through a different, more readily achievable route to in-situ resource utilization that is also sustainable by mining abundant ilmenite and other lunar minerals. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let us not keep repeating the same unsustainable mistakes we have made on Earth \u2014 we have a chance to get it right as we spread into the solar system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8212;<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Carleton Newsroom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/117883\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons licence. All photos provided by The Conversation from various sources. We live in a world in which momentous decisions are made by people often without forethought. But some things are predictable, including that if you continually consume a finite resource without recycling, it will [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":410,"featured_media":79388,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"cu_story_type":[1623],"cu_story_tag":[],"class_list":["post-79386","cu_story","type-cu_story","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","cu_story_type-expert-perspectives"],"acf":{"cu_post_thumbnail":false},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/79386","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/cu_story"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/410"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/79386\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":79392,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/79386\/revisions\/79392"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/79388"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=79386"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"cu_story_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story_type?post=79386"},{"taxonomy":"cu_story_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story_tag?post=79386"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}