{"id":84824,"date":"2022-11-07T14:37:04","date_gmt":"2022-11-07T19:37:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\/?post_type=cu_story&#038;p=84824"},"modified":"2025-08-19T09:37:08","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T13:37:08","slug":"hoggard-consequences-sexual-assault","status":"publish","type":"cu_story","link":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/story\/hoggard-consequences-sexual-assault\/","title":{"rendered":"Jacob Hoggard&#8217;s celebrity did not protect him from the consequences of sexual assault"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"w-screen px-6 cu-section cu-section--white ml-offset-center md:px-8 lg:px-14\">\n    <div class=\"space-y-6 cu-max-w-child-max  md:space-y-10 cu-prose-first-last\">\n\n        \n                    \n                    \n            \n    <div class=\"cu-wideimage relative flex items-center justify-center mx-auto px-8 overflow-hidden md:px-16 rounded-xl not-prose  my-6 md:my-12 first:mt-0 bg-opacity-50 bg-cover bg-cu-black-50 pt-24 pb-32 md:pt-28 md:pb-44 lg:pt-36 lg:pb-60 xl:pt-48 xl:pb-72\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/162\/jacob-hoggard-1200x900-1.jpg); background-position: 50% 50%;\">\n\n                    <div class=\"absolute top-0 w-full h-screen\" style=\"background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.600);\"><\/div>\n        \n        <div class=\"relative z-[2] max-w-4xl w-full flex flex-col items-center gap-2 cu-wideimage-image cu-zero-first-last\">\n            <header class=\"mx-auto mb-6 text-center text-white cu-pageheader cu-component-updated cu-pageheader--center md:mb-12\">\n\n                                    <h1 class=\"cu-prose-first-last font-semibold mb-2 text-3xl md:text-4xl lg:text-5xl lg:leading-[3.5rem] cu-pageheader--center text-center mx-auto after:left-px\">\n                        Jacob Hoggard&#039;s celebrity did not protect him from the consequences of sexual assault\n                    <\/h1>\n                \n                            <\/header>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"absolute bottom-0 w-full z-[1]\" fill=\"none\" viewbox=\"0 0 1280 312\">\n                <path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M26.412 315.608c-.602-.268-6.655-2.412-13.524-4.769a1943.84 1943.84 0 0 1-14.682-5.144l-2.276-.858v-5.358c0-4.876.086-5.358.773-5.09 1.674.643 21.38 5.84 34.646 9.109 14.682 3.59 28.935 6.858 45.936 10.449l9.874 2.089H57.322c-16.4 0-30.31-.16-30.91-.428ZM460.019 315.233c42.974-10.074 75.602-19.88 132.443-39.867 76.16-26.791 152.063-57.709 222.385-90.663 16.7-7.823 21.336-10.074 44.262-21.273 85.004-41.688 134.719-64.193 195.291-88.413 66.55-26.577 145.2-53.584 194.27-66.765C1258.5 5.626 1281.34 0 1282.24 0c.17 0 .34 27.596.34 61.3v61.299l-2.23.375c-84.7 13.718-165.93 35.955-310.736 84.931-46.494 15.753-65.427 22.076-96.166 32.15-9.102 3-24.814 8.198-34.989 11.574-107.543 35.954-153.008 50.422-196.626 62.639l-6.74 1.876-89.126-.054c-78.135-.054-88.782-.161-85.948-.857ZM729.628 312.875c33.229-10.985 69.248-23.523 127.506-44.207 118.705-42.223 164.596-57.709 217.446-73.302 2.62-.75 8.29-2.465 12.67-3.751 56.19-16.772 126.94-33.597 184.17-43.671 5.07-.91 9.66-1.768 10.22-1.875l.94-.161v170.236l-281.28-.054H719.968l9.66-3.215ZM246.864 313.411c-65.041-2.251-143.047-12.11-208.432-26.256-18.375-3.965-41.73-9.538-42.202-10.074-.171-.214-.257-21.38-.214-47.046l.129-46.618 6.654 3.697c57.313 32.043 118.491 56.531 197.699 79.143 40.313 11.521 83.459 18.058 138.669 21.059 15.584.857 65.685.857 81.14 0 33.744-1.876 61.306-4.93 88.396-9.806 6.396-1.126 11.634-1.983 11.722-1.929.255.375-20.48 7.769-30.999 11.038-28.592 8.948-59.288 15.646-91.873 20.147-26.36 3.59-50.015 5.627-78.35 6.698-15.584.59-55.209.59-72.339-.053Z\"><\/path>\n                <path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M-3.066 295.067 32.06 304.1v9.033H-3.066v-18.066Z\"><\/path>\n            <\/svg>\n            <\/div>\n\n    \n\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<p>This article is <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/jacob-hoggards-celebrity-did-not-protect-him-from-the-consequences-of-sexual-assault-193191\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">republished<\/a> from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. All photos provided by <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Conversation<\/a> from various sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>As a content warning, please note that article includes information about sexual violence. We understand that this can trigger strong reactions and we encourage the community to connect with Carleton University&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/equity\/focus\/sexual-violence-prevention-survivor-support\/honouring-each-other\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sexual Assault Support Centre<\/a>&nbsp;and\/or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/health\/counselling-services\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Health and Counselling Services<\/a>&nbsp;for support. Additional community supports can also be found&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/sexual-violence-policy\/resources-and-support\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.usmagazine.com\/celebrity-news\/pictures\/hollywood-sexual-misconduct-scandals\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Actors, movie executives<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/world\/ghislaine-maxwell-sentencing-1.6503839\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">socialites<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thestar.com\/news\/jian-ghomeshi.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">broadcasters<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/nypost.com\/2021\/08\/17\/famous-musicians-accused-of-dating-abusing-teens\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">singers<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/life-style\/royal-family\/prince-andrew-royal-family-sexual-assault-b1993295.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">royalty<\/a> are a few examples of members of high-status groups with individuals who have been accused of sexual crimes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some of these high-status people have been found guilty while others have not. As psychologists who study factors that influence juror decision-making, we are interested in the role of &#8220;status&#8221; on jurors&#8217; perceptions of guilt and credibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jacob Hoggard, former frontman for the Canadian band Hedley, was recently <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thestar.com\/news\/canada\/2022\/10\/20\/hedley-frontman-jacob-hoggard-sentenced-to-five-years-behind-bars.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">found guilty<\/a> of raping a woman in a Toronto hotel room in 2016. He was found <a href=\"https:\/\/toronto.ctvnews.ca\/jacob-hoggard-s-timeline-of-sex-assault-charges-trial-and-conviction-1.6117155\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">not guilty<\/a> of groping and raping a teenage fan. Hoggard was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cp24.com\/news\/hoggard-granted-bail-pending-appeal-of-sexual-assault-conviction-1.6116589\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sentenced<\/a> to five years in jail and granted bail pending an appeal. He is currently facing a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/entertainment\/jacob-hoggard-sexual-assault-1.6631687\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sexual assault charge<\/a> in northern Ontario.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"sexual-assault-misperceptions\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sexual assault misperceptions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There is a perception that sexual assaults are committed by awkward loners who are unknown to the victim, late at night, when no one else is around. This perception is in stark contrast to the reality, however.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In both Canada and the United States, approximately 80 per cent of sexual assault occurs <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/rp-pr\/csj-sjc\/ccs-ajc\/rr06_vic2\/p3_4.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">between a victim and perpetrator who are known to each other<\/a>. The perpetrator may be a partner, friend, acquaintance, co-worker or even a celebrity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2014, CBC fired radio host <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thestar.com\/news\/canada\/2014\/10\/26\/cbc_fires_jian_ghomeshi_over_sex_allegations.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jian Ghomeshi<\/a> after he was accused of sexual assault by multiple women. In a high-profile trial in 2016, Ghomeshi was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/toronto\/jian-ghomeshi-sexual-assault-trial-ruling-1.3505446\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">acquitted of all charges<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sexual assaults are more likely to occur <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rainn.org\/statistics\/scope-problem\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">in private spaces such as a home or hotel room<\/a> than in public locations such as dark alleyways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is estimated that only <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/rp-pr\/csj-sjc\/ccs-ajc\/rr06_vic2\/p3_4.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">20 per cent of sexual assaults are reported to police<\/a>. In a related issue, victims may delay reporting for numerous reasons. For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hsw\/34.2.127\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">victims may think that they will not be believed<\/a>, the victim does not want to <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-6402.00103\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">see themselves as a victim<\/a> or they fear <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10979-008-9162-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">revictimization during the court proceedings<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"metoo-and-the-changing-landscape\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">#MeToo and the changing landscape<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2017, the hashtag #MeToo prompted victims of sexual misconduct to share their stories, representing a watershed moment in sexual violence. Victims used their voices to gain closure on their experiences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The #MeToo movement resulted in increased reporting of sexual assault. Specifically, the number of sexual assaults reported to police between 2016 and 2017 rose <a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/85-002-x\/2018001\/article\/54979-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">13 per cent in Canada<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/cv17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">17 per cent in the United States<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Allegations of sexual assault have been reported years and decades after the assaults occurred.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/investigations\/california-professor-writer-of-confidential-brett-kavanaugh-letter-speaks-out-about-her-allegation-of-sexual-assault\/2018\/09\/16\/46982194-b846-11e8-94eb-3bd52dfe917b_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">American professor Christine Blasey Ford came forward in 2018<\/a> to detail a sexual assault that occurred 36 years earlier, when she was 15 years old. She felt compelled to share her story when her alleged perpetrator, Brett Kavanaugh, was nominated to the U.S. Supreme Court. Allegations against Kavanaugh have not been tried in court, and he was appointed to the Supreme Court in 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure><iframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"387\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ySDsAqz93D0?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" width=\"688\"><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Christine Blasey Ford testifies against Brett Kavanaugh before his appointment as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"memory-and-time\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Memory and time<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It has long been established that memory is not like <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn1054\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a video recording with an exact image being stored for later recall<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn1054\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Memory can be influenced by factors<\/a> that include stereotypes, suggestive and leading questions, stress at the time of the event and the delay between the incident and when the victim is asked to recall the event.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The longer the delay between the event and the recall, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1025438223608\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the more likely the accuracy of the memory is diminished<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We conducted a study to examine mock jurors&#8217; perceptions when an incident is reported 15, 25 and 35 years later. We also looked at whether perceptions were influenced by the type of sexual offence (harassment or assault). Mock jurors read a mock-trial transcript depicting an alleged sexual offence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We found that mock jurors held more favourable perceptions of the defendant when the alleged offence was harassment compared with assault. Delayed reporting also affected jurors&#8217; perceptions: Surprisingly, a longer delay (25 years), compared to a shorter delay (15 years), increased guilty verdicts for sexual assault.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These results suggest that jurors in sexual offence cases are <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260521997464\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more likely to believe older accusations than those that are more recent<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"celebrity-defendants\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Celebrity defendants<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2017, actor Kevin Spacey was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/adambvary\/anthony-rapp-kevin-spacey-made-sexual-advance-when-i-was-14\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">accused of sexually assaulting Anthony Rapp when he was only 14 years old<\/a> in 1986. Spacey was <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/entertainment-anthony-rapp-manhattan-kevin-spacey-910b90edbb92f00c7461809b13b8e782\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cleared of assault<\/a> in this case last month. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/culture\/2017\/11\/3\/16602628\/kevin-spacey-sexual-assault-allegations-house-of-cards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">More than 30 accusers have come forward<\/a> since Rapp five years ago, also alleging Spacey engaged in sexual misconduct with them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unfortunately, Spacey isn&#8217;t the only celebrity to be accused of sexual misconduct. There were allegations of sexual assault against Bill Cosby ranging <a href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/3602131\/bill-cosby-sexual-assault-allegations-guide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">over a span of 40 years<\/a>. Cosby was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/entertainment\/cosby-sentencing-hearing-1.4835785\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">convicted<\/a> in 2018 of sexually assaulting a Canadian woman at his home in suburban Philadelphia in 2004. His conviction was later <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/06\/30\/arts\/television\/bill-cosby-release-conviction.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">overturned<\/a> and he was released from prison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We conducted another study to examine how the social status of the defendant (low or high), victim social status (low or high), victim gender (male or female), and the reason the victim was unconscious during the assault (consuming alcohol versus consuming cold medicine) influenced mock jurors&#8217; decisions in sexual assault cases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Participants read a mock-trial transcript and provided credibility and guilt ratings. A defendant of lower social status was more likely to be seen as guilty when the victim was unconscious due to alcohol consumption. In terms of examining perceptions of the victim, when the defendant was of high social status (for example, a star quarterback), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260517713715\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the victim was perceived as having more control of the situation<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Conversely, in other studies that we have conducted, we haven&#8217;t found that a defendant&#8217;s social status had an impact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"guilt-and-status\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Guilt and status<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The perceptions of who perpetrates sexual offences continue to be called into question as allegations against unlikely perpetrators surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There may be a sense that celebrity status provides protection against accusations of wrongdoing by feeding into the &#8220;halo effect,&#8221; which is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/halo-effect.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the tendency for positive perceptions in one area of your life to influence perceptions of other areas of your life<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Victims can take solace that delayed allegations of sexual assault against high-profile defendants can be prosecuted. High-status defendants can be tried in a court of law and some, like Hedley&#8217;s Hoggard, are found guilty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8212;<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\">Carleton Newsroom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/193191\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Actors, movie executives, socialites, broadcasters, singers and royalty are a few examples of members of high-status groups with individuals who have been accused of sexual crimes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":410,"featured_media":84828,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"cu_story_type":[1623],"cu_story_tag":[],"class_list":["post-84824","cu_story","type-cu_story","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","cu_story_type-expert-perspectives"],"acf":{"cu_post_thumbnail":"blueprint"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/84824","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/cu_story"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/410"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/84824\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":84837,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/84824\/revisions\/84837"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/84828"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=84824"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"cu_story_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story_type?post=84824"},{"taxonomy":"cu_story_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story_tag?post=84824"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}