{"id":84932,"date":"2022-11-14T11:05:37","date_gmt":"2022-11-14T16:05:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\/?post_type=cu_story&#038;p=84932"},"modified":"2025-08-19T09:37:08","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T13:37:08","slug":"abuse-in-sports-culture","status":"publish","type":"cu_story","link":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/story\/abuse-in-sports-culture\/","title":{"rendered":"Abuse is widely accepted as part of organized sports culture but it should not be tolerated"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"w-screen px-6 cu-section cu-section--white ml-offset-center md:px-8 lg:px-14\">\n    <div class=\"space-y-6 cu-max-w-child-max  md:space-y-10 cu-prose-first-last\">\n\n        \n                    \n                    \n            \n    <div class=\"cu-wideimage relative flex items-center justify-center mx-auto px-8 overflow-hidden md:px-16 rounded-xl not-prose  my-6 md:my-12 first:mt-0 bg-opacity-50 bg-cover bg-cu-black-50 pt-24 pb-32 md:pt-28 md:pb-44 lg:pt-36 lg:pb-60 xl:pt-48 xl:pb-72\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/162\/child-swimmer-sitting-poolside-1200x900-1.jpg); background-position: 50% 50%;\">\n\n                    <div class=\"absolute top-0 w-full h-screen\" style=\"background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.600);\"><\/div>\n        \n        <div class=\"relative z-[2] max-w-4xl w-full flex flex-col items-center gap-2 cu-wideimage-image cu-zero-first-last\">\n            <header class=\"mx-auto mb-6 text-center text-white cu-pageheader cu-component-updated cu-pageheader--center md:mb-12\">\n\n                                    <h1 class=\"cu-prose-first-last font-semibold mb-2 text-3xl md:text-4xl lg:text-5xl lg:leading-[3.5rem] cu-pageheader--center text-center mx-auto after:left-px\">\n                        Abuse is widely accepted as part of organized sports culture but it should not be tolerated\n                    <\/h1>\n                \n                            <\/header>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"absolute bottom-0 w-full z-[1]\" fill=\"none\" viewbox=\"0 0 1280 312\">\n                <path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M26.412 315.608c-.602-.268-6.655-2.412-13.524-4.769a1943.84 1943.84 0 0 1-14.682-5.144l-2.276-.858v-5.358c0-4.876.086-5.358.773-5.09 1.674.643 21.38 5.84 34.646 9.109 14.682 3.59 28.935 6.858 45.936 10.449l9.874 2.089H57.322c-16.4 0-30.31-.16-30.91-.428ZM460.019 315.233c42.974-10.074 75.602-19.88 132.443-39.867 76.16-26.791 152.063-57.709 222.385-90.663 16.7-7.823 21.336-10.074 44.262-21.273 85.004-41.688 134.719-64.193 195.291-88.413 66.55-26.577 145.2-53.584 194.27-66.765C1258.5 5.626 1281.34 0 1282.24 0c.17 0 .34 27.596.34 61.3v61.299l-2.23.375c-84.7 13.718-165.93 35.955-310.736 84.931-46.494 15.753-65.427 22.076-96.166 32.15-9.102 3-24.814 8.198-34.989 11.574-107.543 35.954-153.008 50.422-196.626 62.639l-6.74 1.876-89.126-.054c-78.135-.054-88.782-.161-85.948-.857ZM729.628 312.875c33.229-10.985 69.248-23.523 127.506-44.207 118.705-42.223 164.596-57.709 217.446-73.302 2.62-.75 8.29-2.465 12.67-3.751 56.19-16.772 126.94-33.597 184.17-43.671 5.07-.91 9.66-1.768 10.22-1.875l.94-.161v170.236l-281.28-.054H719.968l9.66-3.215ZM246.864 313.411c-65.041-2.251-143.047-12.11-208.432-26.256-18.375-3.965-41.73-9.538-42.202-10.074-.171-.214-.257-21.38-.214-47.046l.129-46.618 6.654 3.697c57.313 32.043 118.491 56.531 197.699 79.143 40.313 11.521 83.459 18.058 138.669 21.059 15.584.857 65.685.857 81.14 0 33.744-1.876 61.306-4.93 88.396-9.806 6.396-1.126 11.634-1.983 11.722-1.929.255.375-20.48 7.769-30.999 11.038-28.592 8.948-59.288 15.646-91.873 20.147-26.36 3.59-50.015 5.627-78.35 6.698-15.584.59-55.209.59-72.339-.053Z\"><\/path>\n                <path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M-3.066 295.067 32.06 304.1v9.033H-3.066v-18.066Z\"><\/path>\n            <\/svg>\n            <\/div>\n\n    \n\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<p>This article is <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/abuse-is-widely-accepted-as-part-of-organized-sports-culture-but-it-should-not-be-tolerated-194164\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">republished<\/a> from The Conversation under a Creative Commons licence. All photos provided by <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">The Conversation<\/a> from various sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>As a trigger warning, please note that the article includes information about abuse and sexual violence. We understand that this can trigger strong reactions and we encourage the community to connect with Carleton University&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/equity\/focus\/sexual-violence-prevention-survivor-support\/honouring-each-other\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Sexual Assault Support Centre<\/a> and\/or <a href=\"https:\/\/wellness.carleton.ca\/counselling\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Health and Counselling Services<\/a> for support. Additional community supports can also be found <a href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/sexual-violence-policy\/resources-and-support\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Participating in sports as a child or adolescent can have many benefits, including improvements in both physical and mental health with positive impacts into adulthood. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unfortunately, various forms of abuse within sports appear to be common, negating benefits in participating in sports and resulting in long-term negative impacts. Greater recognition that verbal and emotional abuse in sports is abuse and harmful regardless of victim or perpetrator gender is necessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Daniel Carcillo, former NHL player and two-time Stanley Cup winner, is the lead plaintiff in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/sports\/hockey\/canadian-hockey-league-class-action-lawsuit-1.5834716\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">class action abuse lawsuit filed against the Canadian Hockey League in 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Carcillo <a href=\"https:\/\/www.espn.com\/nhl\/story\/_\/id\/29330583\/daniel-carcillo-leads-class-action-lawsuit-canadian-hockey-league-physical-sexual-abuse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">alleges abuse by teammates when he was a 17-year-old player with the Ontario Hockey League<\/a>. He retired in 2015, and is involved in activism that lets kids know that hazing rituals \u2014 whether physical, sexual, verbal or emotional \u2014 are abuse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Canadian figure skater Elizabeth Manley, a silver-medalist Olympian, reported years of verbal abuse as a young skater that included <a href=\"https:\/\/www.besthealthmag.ca\/article\/figure-skating-olympics-body-image-sports\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">being fat-shamed and told she wasn&#8217;t &#8220;tough enough&#8221; to be a winner<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Recently, players in the National Women&#8217;s Soccer league have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/10\/04\/sports\/soccer\/soccer-abuse-power.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">come forward to report the abuse they experienced at the hands of some of their coaches<\/a>. One player was so frightened about the potential fallout that it took her six years to report the abuse. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Similar stories of abuse abound. Larry Nassar, a former doctor with USA Gymnastics, may be the most prolific sex abuser in sports: <a href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/5629228\/larry-nassar-victim-speaks-out\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">over 500 girls and women reported being abused by him<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Ottawa&#039;s plan to battle abuse in Canadian sports faces skepticism\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/DTB4iOmSfec?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"types-of-abuse\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types of abuse<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Abuse is defined as behaviours that &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/immigration-refugees-citizenship\/corporate\/publications-manuals\/operational-bulletins-manuals\/service-delivery\/abuse\/types-abuse.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scare, isolate or control another person. Abuse may be a pattern or a single incident<\/a>.&#8221; The Canadian government has identified five categories of abuse:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Physical abuse is behaviour that includes assault and forcible confinement, for example, hitting, strangling or physically restraining.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sexual abuse is sexual contact without consent \u2014 forced sexual acts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Psychological abuse refers to threats and intimidation, such as gaslighting or making the victim doubt their own sanity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Financial abuse is abuse that involves fraud and extortion by withholding money or controlling the budget.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Neglect is abuse where the necessities of life causing harm are withheld, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dshs.wa.gov\/altsa\/home-and-community-services\/types-and-signs-abuse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">causing malnutrition, unsanitary living conditions and more<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"the-benefits-of-sports\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">The benefits of sports<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Sports can help an individual&#8217;s development beyond just the physical aspects of exercise. Playing sports can <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0973-1229.153335\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">build character, develop analytical skills, foster leadership qualities and help with goal-setting skills<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to <a href=\"https:\/\/health.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-09\/YSS_Report_OnePager_2020-08-31_web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the U.S. President&#8217;s Council on Sports, Fitness, and Nutrition (PCSFN) Science Board<\/a>, 73 per cent of parents believe that their children&#8217;s mental, emotional and social health benefits from participating in sports. In terms of physical health, 88 per cent of parents believe that  participating in sports benefits their child&#8217;s physical health. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Additional benefits can last into adulthood \u2014 73 per cent of adults who play sports also participated in sports when they were younger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"abuse-in-sports\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Abuse in sports<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In a survey of 370 elite and club athletes, <a href=\"https:\/\/canada.humankinetics.com\/blogs\/excerpt\/sexual-abuse-in-sport\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">31 per cent of female athletes and 21 per cent of male athletes indicated that they had experienced sexual abuse before they were 18<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Research shows that <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2022.840221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">athletes experience abuse in sports<\/a>, with rates ranging from 38 to 72 per cent for psychological abuse, nine and 30 per cent for sexual abuse, and 11 to 21 per cent for physical abuse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Although many may think of abuse in sport as sexual or physical, verbal and emotional abuse is exceedingly common. Emotional abuse is an <a href=\"https:\/\/kempe.org\/2019\/08\/14\/hidden-scars-a-look-at-emotional-abuse-in-sports\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">under-reported form of abuse that occurs across all levels of sport<\/a>. Emotional abuse can be in the form of shaming, insults, and threats and can be perpetrated by coaches, team members and parents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/494554\/original\/file-20221110-2908-qamwu2.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/494554\/original\/file-20221110-2908-qamwu2.JPG?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"official looking people sit around a conference table discussing abuse in sports culture\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n              <span class=\"caption\">Witnesses from Hockey Canada appear at the standing committee on Canadian Heritage in Ottawa on July 27, 2022. The committee is looking into how Hockey Canada handled allegations of sexual assault and a subsequent lawsuit.<\/span><br>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">THE CANADIAN PRESS\/Sean Kilpatrick<\/span><\/span><br>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"impact-of-abuse\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Impact of abuse<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In our research, we examined whether defendant gender, victim gender and type of abuse (emotional, physical) influenced mock-jurors&#8217; decisions when the abuse happened in a sports domain. We asked 239 people to act as jurors and read through <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11896-022-09553-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a mock-case vignette describing an alleged emotional or physical abuse situation<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First, participants were asked whether the case should proceed to trial. Following this, participants rated their perceptions of the defendant and the victim, and then answered questions related to sexism. When the abuse was physical, participants were more likely to state the case should go to trial, and participants also had more positive perceptions of the victim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, when the abuse was emotional, victims were perceived less positively. There may be a misguided acceptance of emotional abuse in sports. While gender had little influence on mock-jurors&#8217; decisions, the type of abuse greatly influenced their decisions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unfortunately, when the abuse was emotional, mock-jurors were more likely to believe that the victim fabricated the story as opposed to when the abuse was physical. Again, this feeds into the notion that emotional abuse is part of the &#8220;game.&#8221; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"zero-tolerance-for-abuse-in-sports\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zero tolerance for abuse in sports<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There may be a lack of awareness of the detrimental effects of emotional abuse. Research has found that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.utoronto.ca\/news\/psychological-abuse-most-common-form-maltreatment-experienced-national-team-athletes-u-t-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">emotional abuse is the most common type of abuse in sports<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A sports culture that does not tolerate abuse of any kind needs to be cultivated to ensure that the benefits of participating in sports are achieved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8212;<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\">Carleton Newsroom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/194164\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Participating in sports as a child or adolescent can have many benefits, including improvements in both physical and mental health with positive impacts into adulthood. Unfortunately, various forms of abuse within sports appear to be common, negating benefits in participating in sports and resulting in long-term negative impacts. Greater recognition that verbal and emotional abuse in sports is abuse and harmful regardless of victim or perpetrator gender is necessary.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":410,"featured_media":84936,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"cu_story_type":[1623],"cu_story_tag":[],"class_list":["post-84932","cu_story","type-cu_story","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","cu_story_type-expert-perspectives"],"acf":{"cu_post_thumbnail":false},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/84932","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/cu_story"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/410"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/84932\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":85138,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/84932\/revisions\/85138"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/84936"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=84932"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"cu_story_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story_type?post=84932"},{"taxonomy":"cu_story_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story_tag?post=84932"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}