{"id":85944,"date":"2023-01-12T17:12:31","date_gmt":"2023-01-12T22:12:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\/?post_type=cu_story&#038;p=85944"},"modified":"2025-08-19T09:37:07","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T13:37:07","slug":"toronto-swarming-death-age-trial","status":"publish","type":"cu_story","link":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/story\/toronto-swarming-death-age-trial\/","title":{"rendered":"The young ages of the girls charged in the swarming death of a man in Toronto may affect trial outcomes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"w-screen px-6 cu-section cu-section--white ml-offset-center md:px-8 lg:px-14\">\n    <div class=\"space-y-6 cu-max-w-child-max  md:space-y-10 cu-prose-first-last\">\n\n        \n                    \n                    \n            \n    <div class=\"cu-wideimage relative flex items-center justify-center mx-auto px-8 overflow-hidden md:px-16 rounded-xl not-prose  my-6 md:my-12 first:mt-0 bg-opacity-50 bg-cover bg-cu-black-50 pt-24 pb-32 md:pt-28 md:pb-44 lg:pt-36 lg:pb-60 xl:pt-48 xl:pb-72\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/162\/ontario-court-of-justice-1200x900-1b.jpg); background-position: 50% 50%;\">\n\n                    <div class=\"absolute top-0 w-full h-screen\" style=\"background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.600);\"><\/div>\n        \n        <div class=\"relative z-[2] max-w-4xl w-full flex flex-col items-center gap-2 cu-wideimage-image cu-zero-first-last\">\n            <header class=\"mx-auto mb-6 text-center text-white cu-pageheader cu-component-updated cu-pageheader--center md:mb-12\">\n\n                                    <h1 class=\"cu-prose-first-last font-semibold mb-2 text-3xl md:text-4xl lg:text-5xl lg:leading-[3.5rem] cu-pageheader--center text-center mx-auto after:left-px\">\n                        The young ages of the girls charged in the swarming death of a man in Toronto may affect trial outcomes\n                    <\/h1>\n                \n                            <\/header>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"absolute bottom-0 w-full z-[1]\" fill=\"none\" viewbox=\"0 0 1280 312\">\n                <path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M26.412 315.608c-.602-.268-6.655-2.412-13.524-4.769a1943.84 1943.84 0 0 1-14.682-5.144l-2.276-.858v-5.358c0-4.876.086-5.358.773-5.09 1.674.643 21.38 5.84 34.646 9.109 14.682 3.59 28.935 6.858 45.936 10.449l9.874 2.089H57.322c-16.4 0-30.31-.16-30.91-.428ZM460.019 315.233c42.974-10.074 75.602-19.88 132.443-39.867 76.16-26.791 152.063-57.709 222.385-90.663 16.7-7.823 21.336-10.074 44.262-21.273 85.004-41.688 134.719-64.193 195.291-88.413 66.55-26.577 145.2-53.584 194.27-66.765C1258.5 5.626 1281.34 0 1282.24 0c.17 0 .34 27.596.34 61.3v61.299l-2.23.375c-84.7 13.718-165.93 35.955-310.736 84.931-46.494 15.753-65.427 22.076-96.166 32.15-9.102 3-24.814 8.198-34.989 11.574-107.543 35.954-153.008 50.422-196.626 62.639l-6.74 1.876-89.126-.054c-78.135-.054-88.782-.161-85.948-.857ZM729.628 312.875c33.229-10.985 69.248-23.523 127.506-44.207 118.705-42.223 164.596-57.709 217.446-73.302 2.62-.75 8.29-2.465 12.67-3.751 56.19-16.772 126.94-33.597 184.17-43.671 5.07-.91 9.66-1.768 10.22-1.875l.94-.161v170.236l-281.28-.054H719.968l9.66-3.215ZM246.864 313.411c-65.041-2.251-143.047-12.11-208.432-26.256-18.375-3.965-41.73-9.538-42.202-10.074-.171-.214-.257-21.38-.214-47.046l.129-46.618 6.654 3.697c57.313 32.043 118.491 56.531 197.699 79.143 40.313 11.521 83.459 18.058 138.669 21.059 15.584.857 65.685.857 81.14 0 33.744-1.876 61.306-4.93 88.396-9.806 6.396-1.126 11.634-1.983 11.722-1.929.255.375-20.48 7.769-30.999 11.038-28.592 8.948-59.288 15.646-91.873 20.147-26.36 3.59-50.015 5.627-78.35 6.698-15.584.59-55.209.59-72.339-.053Z\"><\/path>\n                <path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M-3.066 295.067 32.06 304.1v9.033H-3.066v-18.066Z\"><\/path>\n            <\/svg>\n            <\/div>\n\n    \n\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<p>This article is <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/the-young-ages-of-the-girls-charged-in-the-swarming-death-of-a-man-in-toronto-may-affect-trial-outcomes-197657\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">republished<\/a> from The Conversation under a Creative Commons licence. All photos provided by <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">The Conversation<\/a> from various sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In late December, eight teenage girls who had reportedly met online decided to meet in-person in downtown Toronto on a Saturday night. Shortly after midnight on Sunday Dec. 18, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/toronto\/man-death-eight-teen-girls-charged-toronto-1.6692698\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a 59-year-old man was allegedly swarmed, assaulted and stabbed<\/a> by the group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bystanders flagged down emergency medical personnel, but the man succumbed to his injuries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The victim, Ken Lee, had recently moved to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/toronto\/ken-lee-victim-swarming-attack-toronto-1.6708778\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a homeless shelter near the site of the attack<\/a>. His female companion said that she was smoking a cigarette with the victim when teens approached. According to this woman, a group of girls tried to take her alcohol and Lee told the teens to stop and to leave her alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At that point, she says the teens started to attack Lee. Afraid of what might happen to her, the woman walked away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/0LJM2fUzi9I?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" width=\"800\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span class=\"caption\">CBC News covers the stabbing death of a man in downtown Toronto.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"young-perpetrators\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Young perpetrators<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Eight teens were arrested, and a number of weapons were confiscated from them. Three of the teens were 13 years old, three were 14 years old and two were 16 years old. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/dec\/20\/teenager-girls-toronto-stabbing-swarming\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Three of the teens were known to the police<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The teens have been charged with second-degree murder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.publicsafety.gc.ca\/cnt\/rsrcs\/pblctns\/ststclsnpsht-yth\/index-en.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Several of the factors in this case are unique<\/a>: A group of females (72 per cent of youth appearing before court are male), mostly unknown to each other (unlike gangs who are an organized group to gain power and recognition), between the ages of 13 and 16 years (57 per cent of youth who appear before court are between 16 and 17 years old), allegedly committed murder (theft is the most common type of crime committed by youth).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Younger teens may be shown greater leniency than older teens given their diminished capacity to understand the consequences of their behaviour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"prosecuting-youth\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prosecuting youth<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) covers the prosecution of youth over the age of 12 and under 18 years old <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/cj-jp\/yj-jj\/tools-outils\/back-hist.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">for criminal offences<\/a>. Because youth are still maturing, this must be accounted for in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/cj-jp\/yj-jj\/tools-outils\/sheets-feuillets\/oycja-alssj.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">treatment, prosecution and resolution of crime<\/a>. Rehabilitation and reintegration into society are emphasized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Under the YCJA, the identities of teens cannot be made public. Although youth cannot be tried as adults, a youth can be sentenced as an adult if convicted. A youth cannot spend <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/cj-jp\/yj-jj\/tools-outils\/sheets-feuillets\/syp-dpaa.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more than 10 years in custody<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The sentence for first-degree murder as an adult is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.publicsafety.gc.ca\/cnt\/rsrcs\/pblctns\/2021-sntnc-clcltn-fstfcts-02\/index-en.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">life without parole for 25 years<\/a>. For second-degree murder, the minimum sentence is life in prison with no parole for 10 years, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/what-s-the-difference-between-1st-degree-murder-2nd-degree-murder-and-manslaughter-1.5068520\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">although sentences can be longer<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Factors that may be considered when determining sentencing include age of the convicted, degree of violence of the crime and the interests of society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"young-defendants\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Young defendants<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We conducted a study to examine whether a defendant&#8217;s developmental age (which reflects their behavioral, cognitive and physical development), chronological age (which is based on their date of birth) and <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11896-016-9201-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">race influenced mock-jurors&#8217; decision-making<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Four hundred and forty-four participants read a trial transcript involving an assault where the defendant allegedly shoved the victim to the ground at a grocery store. The defendant&#8217;s developmental age (14 or 24 years old), chronological age (14 or 24 years old) and race (white, Black or Indigenous) were varied.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We found that mock jurors&#8217; responses varied according to developmental age: a developmentally 24-year-old was given more guilty verdicts than a developmentally 14-year-old. Race also was influential in that the Black defendant received fewer guilty verdicts than the white defendant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When the defendant had a developmental delay (the chronological age was higher than the developmental age), he was perceived as less guilty than a defendant whose chronological age matched his developmental age.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Regardless of race, younger defendants and those with developmental delays may be perceived more favourably and possibly treated more leniently than adults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"toronto-teen-swarming\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Toronto teen swarming<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/globalnews.ca\/news\/9388783\/toronto-homeless-man-swarming-death-teens-court\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">According to coverage of the bail hearings<\/a>, some of the teens appeared confused when asked if they understood what was happening. Only two parents of the seven accused seemed to be in attendance for the virtual proceedings, and one defendant&#8217;s lawyer was absent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/toronto\/swarming-toronto-teen-girls-bail-1.6699519\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">One of the eight teens accused of murder is free on bail<\/a>, but with conditions that include <a href=\"https:\/\/toronto.ctvnews.ca\/case-of-8-teens-charged-in-toronto-homeless-man-s-death-set-to-return-to-court-1.6218364\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no use of internet or a cell phone<\/a>. Bail hearings for the other girls involved are ongoing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As the case unfolds, age may impact the judicial decision-making and ultimately, the case outcomes for these teens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8212;<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\">Carleton Newsroom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/197657\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In late December, eight teenage girls who had reportedly met online decided to meet in-person in downtown Toronto on a Saturday night. Shortly after midnight on Sunday Dec. 18, a 59-year-old man was allegedly swarmed, assaulted and stabbed by the group.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":410,"featured_media":85945,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"cu_story_type":[1623],"cu_story_tag":[],"class_list":["post-85944","cu_story","type-cu_story","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","cu_story_type-expert-perspectives"],"acf":{"cu_post_thumbnail":false},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/85944","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/cu_story"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/410"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/85944\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":85953,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/85944\/revisions\/85953"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/85945"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=85944"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"cu_story_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story_type?post=85944"},{"taxonomy":"cu_story_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story_tag?post=85944"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}