{"id":91641,"date":"2024-03-27T11:16:35","date_gmt":"2024-03-27T15:16:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\/?post_type=cu_story&#038;p=91641"},"modified":"2025-08-19T09:37:03","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T13:37:03","slug":"addressing-deepfake-porn-laws","status":"publish","type":"cu_story","link":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/story\/addressing-deepfake-porn-laws\/","title":{"rendered":"Addressing Deepfake Porn Doesn&#8217;t Require New Criminal Laws, Which Can Restrict Sexual Fantasy and Promote the Prison System"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"w-screen px-6 cu-section cu-section--white ml-offset-center md:px-8 lg:px-14\">\n    <div class=\"space-y-6 cu-max-w-child-max  md:space-y-10 cu-prose-first-last\">\n\n        \n                    \n                    \n            \n    <div class=\"cu-wideimage relative flex items-center justify-center mx-auto px-8 overflow-hidden md:px-16 rounded-xl not-prose  my-6 md:my-12 first:mt-0 bg-opacity-50 bg-cover bg-cu-black-50 pt-24 pb-32 md:pt-28 md:pb-44 lg:pt-36 lg:pb-60 xl:pt-48 xl:pb-72\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/162\/addressing-deepfake-porn-1200x900-1.jpg); background-position: 50% 50%;\">\n\n                    <div class=\"absolute top-0 w-full h-screen\" style=\"background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.600);\"><\/div>\n        \n        <div class=\"relative z-[2] max-w-4xl w-full flex flex-col items-center gap-2 cu-wideimage-image cu-zero-first-last\">\n            <header class=\"mx-auto mb-6 text-center text-white cu-pageheader cu-component-updated cu-pageheader--center md:mb-12\">\n\n                                    <h1 class=\"cu-prose-first-last font-semibold mb-2 text-3xl md:text-4xl lg:text-5xl lg:leading-[3.5rem] cu-pageheader--center text-center mx-auto after:left-px\">\n                        Addressing Deepfake Porn Doesn&#039;t Require New Criminal Laws, Which Can Restrict Sexual Fantasy and Promote the Prison System\n                    <\/h1>\n                \n                            <\/header>\n        <\/div>\n\n                    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"absolute bottom-0 w-full z-[1]\" fill=\"none\" viewbox=\"0 0 1280 312\">\n                <path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M26.412 315.608c-.602-.268-6.655-2.412-13.524-4.769a1943.84 1943.84 0 0 1-14.682-5.144l-2.276-.858v-5.358c0-4.876.086-5.358.773-5.09 1.674.643 21.38 5.84 34.646 9.109 14.682 3.59 28.935 6.858 45.936 10.449l9.874 2.089H57.322c-16.4 0-30.31-.16-30.91-.428ZM460.019 315.233c42.974-10.074 75.602-19.88 132.443-39.867 76.16-26.791 152.063-57.709 222.385-90.663 16.7-7.823 21.336-10.074 44.262-21.273 85.004-41.688 134.719-64.193 195.291-88.413 66.55-26.577 145.2-53.584 194.27-66.765C1258.5 5.626 1281.34 0 1282.24 0c.17 0 .34 27.596.34 61.3v61.299l-2.23.375c-84.7 13.718-165.93 35.955-310.736 84.931-46.494 15.753-65.427 22.076-96.166 32.15-9.102 3-24.814 8.198-34.989 11.574-107.543 35.954-153.008 50.422-196.626 62.639l-6.74 1.876-89.126-.054c-78.135-.054-88.782-.161-85.948-.857ZM729.628 312.875c33.229-10.985 69.248-23.523 127.506-44.207 118.705-42.223 164.596-57.709 217.446-73.302 2.62-.75 8.29-2.465 12.67-3.751 56.19-16.772 126.94-33.597 184.17-43.671 5.07-.91 9.66-1.768 10.22-1.875l.94-.161v170.236l-281.28-.054H719.968l9.66-3.215ZM246.864 313.411c-65.041-2.251-143.047-12.11-208.432-26.256-18.375-3.965-41.73-9.538-42.202-10.074-.171-.214-.257-21.38-.214-47.046l.129-46.618 6.654 3.697c57.313 32.043 118.491 56.531 197.699 79.143 40.313 11.521 83.459 18.058 138.669 21.059 15.584.857 65.685.857 81.14 0 33.744-1.876 61.306-4.93 88.396-9.806 6.396-1.126 11.634-1.983 11.722-1.929.255.375-20.48 7.769-30.999 11.038-28.592 8.948-59.288 15.646-91.873 20.147-26.36 3.59-50.015 5.627-78.35 6.698-15.584.59-55.209.59-72.339-.053Z\"><\/path>\n                <path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M-3.066 295.067 32.06 304.1v9.033H-3.066v-18.066Z\"><\/path>\n            <\/svg>\n            <\/div>\n\n    \n\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<p>This article is <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/addressing-deepfake-porn-doesnt-require-new-criminal-laws-which-can-restrict-sexual-fantasy-and-promote-the-prison-system-223815\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">republished<\/a> from The Conversation under a Creative Commons licence. All photos provided by <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Conversation<\/a> from various sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/criminology\/people\/karaian-lara\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lara Karaian<\/a> is an associate professor of criminology and criminal justice at Carleton University.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2024\/1\/25\/24050334\/x-twitter-taylor-swift-ai-fake-images-trending\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">deepfake pornography of Taylor Swift went viral<\/a> on the social media platform X (formerly Twitter), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecut.com\/2024\/01\/taylor-swift-ai-deepfake-trending-social-media.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Swifties sprung into action<\/a>. They organized to report violations of X&#8217;s &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/help.twitter.com\/en\/rules-and-policies\/manipulated-media\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Synthetic and Manipulated Media<\/a>&#8221; policy and flooded the platform with real images of Swift in an attempt to alter X&#8217;s algorithm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The incident <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/music\/2024\/jan\/26\/taylor-swift-deepfake-pornography-sparks-renewed-calls-for-us-legislation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">renewed calls for federal legislation<\/a> regarding deepfake porn. But whether we need to &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/taylor-swift-deepfake-porn-artificial-intelligence-pushback\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">defeat<\/a>&#8221; deepfake porn by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2018\/2\/7\/16982046\/reddit-deepfakes-ai-celebrity-face-swap-porn-community-ban\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">censoring<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/society\/2023\/jun\/27\/sharing-deepfake-intimate-images-to-be-criminalised-in-england-and-wales\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">criminalizing<\/a> it is up for debate \u2014 or at least it should be.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a criminologist and sexuality studies scholar with expertise in the <a href=\"https:\/\/carleton-ca.academia.edu\/LaraKaraian\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">legal regulation of sex and sexual expression<\/a>, the push to conflate deepfake porn with misogyny and sexual harm is concerning, as is the call for new criminal laws.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/GgSduzVDV08?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" width=\"800\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"are-deepfakes-sexual-violence\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Are deepfakes sexual violence?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Deepfake refers to the use of artificially intelligent (AI) machine-learning applications to generate original but &#8220;fake&#8221; audio, images or videos that may appear authentic. Deepfake pornography (DFP) refers to products that are sexually explicit in nature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.homesecurityheroes.com\/state-of-deepfakes\/#key-findings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2023 report by cybersecurity firm Home Security Heroes<\/a>, DFP makes up 98 per cent of all deepfake videos online, and 99 per cent of DFP features women. Notably, 94 per cent of these women work in the entertainment industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An <a href=\"https:\/\/regmedia.co.uk\/2019\/10\/08\/deepfake_report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">earlier study of DFP by Deeptrace Labs<\/a> found that of those in the entertainment industry, most of the 10 most frequently represented individuals were actresses from western countries, followed by South Korean K-pop singers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Given their gendered, sexual and seemingly &#8220;non-consensual&#8221; nature, DFP has been widely described as gender-based sexual violence requiring <a href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/house-bill\/9631\/text?s=1&amp;r=79\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">greater civil and criminal regulation of both AI and deepfake porn producers<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Others, however, suggest that deepfake porn may be <a href=\"https:\/\/cardozolawreview.com\/deeply-fake-deeply-disturbing-deeply-constitutional-why-the-first-amendment-likely-protects-the-creation-of-pornographic-deepfakes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">deeply constitutional<\/a> sexual expression, and that new laws should be put off until more research about the impacts of pornographic deepfakes on those depicted, as well as on internet users, can be conducted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Deepfake porn raises concerns about false representations \u2014 for instance, falsely depicting an individual as sexually active, into a certain type of sex or involved in the porn industry. Whether this constitutes sexual violence \u2014 even if a person is distressed by fake videos of them \u2014 is not self-evident.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many valid reasons exist for why deepfake porn may be created and shared, and why it should not be interpreted or criminalized as &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/ai-can-now-create-fake-porn-making-revenge-porn-even-more-complicated-92267\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">image based sexual abuse<\/a>&#8221; or &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/sextortion1-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">virtual rape<\/a>.&#8221; These reasons include, but are not limited to the social value of sexual fantasy \u2014 including seemingly &#8220;deviant&#8221; fantasies \u2014 and the need to resist prison expansionism and the carceral state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"need-for-new-laws\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Need for new laws?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Deepfakes, as with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/meta-youtube-ai-political-ads\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cheapfakes<\/a> that preceded them, can be created for malicious purposes including harassment, spreading disinformation and extortion. In instances where the use of one&#8217;s image is deeply upsetting to the individual depicted, legal avenues such as civil privacy, intentional infliction of emotional distress, invasion of privacy laws that address &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/sxjg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">false light<\/a>&#8221; (making false or misleading claims about a person that cause harm to them) and take-down orders may help address their concerns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When it comes to deepfake porn and minors, Canada&#8217;s child pornography and its <a href=\"https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/C-46\/section-162.1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Intimate Images<\/a> provisions likely apply. And in cases where DFP images and videos are used to harass or extort individuals, laws already exist to address these harms. On or offline, however, there are reasons to resist <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/socpro\/spz013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pro-criminalization strategies<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Queer and sex-radical feminists have long established that even though sex and gender are related, theories of gender oppression cannot wholly explain <a href=\"https:\/\/read.dukeupress.edu\/books\/book\/1560\/chapter\/173938\/Thinking-SexNotes-for-a-Radical-Theory-of-the\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sex and sexual politics<\/a>. Importantly, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15313204.2018.1474827\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">anti-sexual violence feminists and anti-carceral scholars<\/a> have pointed out the limits and harms of using criminal law to respond to sexual violence for sexual violence victims, the accused and society more broadly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Before we can determine whether sexual violence is the best framework for describing and responding to deepfake porn, we need a better understanding of deepfake porn prosumers \u2014 those who produce, consume and share their creations \u2014 as well as the importance of sexual fantasy, at the individual and collective levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"deepfake-porn-prosumers\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Deepfake porn prosumers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It&#8217;s becoming increasingly difficult to interview or conduct research with deepfake porn prosumers given how widely they are described as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2018\/12\/30\/how-fake-porn-opponents-are-fighting-back\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">depraved<\/a>, as the embodiment of &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23268743.2019.1675091\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">toxic geek masculinity<\/a>,&#8221; and as driven by an interest in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/nekqmd\/deepfake-porn-origins-sexism-reddit-v25n2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">owning women&#8217;s bodies<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/583169\/original\/file-20240320-20-zoul2p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/583169\/original\/file-20240320-20-zoul2p.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"a man is silhouetted against a computer screen showing blurred out images\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption\">Given what we know about the demographics of computer programmers and porn consumers, it&#8217;s likely that most DFP prosumers are men.<\/span><br>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">(Shutterstock)<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Research suggests, however, that many deepfake porn creators are hobbyists who are more interested in contributing &#8220;to the development of such technology as <a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.22215\/timreview\/1282\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">solving an intellectual puzzle<\/a>\u2026 rather than as a way to trick or threaten people.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It&#8217;s likely that most deepfake prosumers are men, given what we know about the demographics of <a href=\"https:\/\/datausa.io\/profile\/soc\/computer-programmers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">computer programmers<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/661314\/gender-distribution-of-pornhubcom-website-traffic-in-selected-european-countries\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">porn consumers<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Insights from clinical practice suggests that when men do create &#8220;fake porn&#8221; misogyny rarely serves as a key motivator. Clinical psychologist David J. Ley observes that more of these cases are &#8220;driven by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/ca\/blog\/women-who-stray\/201901\/the-psychology-behind-fake-porn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">feelings of loss, shame, hope, and fantasy<\/a> than by misogyny and anger.&#8221; Similar to Photoshopped &#8220;porno collages,&#8221; deepfakes serve as a means to explore fantasies that are likely impossible to fulfill.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But is sexual fantasy a valid reason to create and share deepfake porn on public and paid platforms?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"sexual-fantasy-and-deepfakes\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sexual fantasy and deepfakes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Sexual fantasy is <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13634607221106667\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more complicated<\/a> and more <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.469\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">important to our sex lives and to our social well-being<\/a> than people typically realize or acknowledge. For many, sexual fantasy is private and limited to their mind&#8217;s eye.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Others, however, see sexual fantasy as something to be <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.law.wm.edu\/wmlr\/vol58\/iss2\/3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">manifested as written text, images or digital files, and publicly shared<\/a> for free or for a fee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Critical race feminist scholars have demonstrated that <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15767\/feministstudies.41.2.409\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sexual fantasy is both a product of and productive of our complex realities<\/a>, but that a line can also be drawn between fantasy and reality given the important roles that fantasy plays in our individual and collective lives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the individual level, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsm.12734\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a study that surveyed 1,516 adult cis men and women about their sexual fantasies<\/a> found that more than half of the respondents \u2014 51.7 per cent of women and 61.9 per cent of men \u2014 fantasized about sex with a celebrity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sexual fantasy research has also helped establish that few sexual fantasies are statistically unusual or rare. This includes fantasies which have previously been deemed perverted or <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsm.12734\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">atypical<\/a>, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/newsletters\/2023-11-29\/us-federal-laws-fail-to-protect-most-deepfake-pornography-victims\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">those that involve violence or humiliation<\/a>. These fantasies are not only common, but are also &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2022.101496\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">unlikely to be revealing of actual behavior<\/a>.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/583173\/original\/file-20240320-24-adu4i5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/583173\/original\/file-20240320-24-adu4i5.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"two pairs of women's legs wearing heels in red lighting\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span class=\"caption\">Fantasy plays an important role in individual and collective lives.<\/span><br>\n<span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">(Shutterstock)<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Ley, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/ca\/blog\/women-who-stray\/201901\/the-psychology-behind-fake-porn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reasons for publicly sharing sexual fantasies<\/a> range from seeking approval, demonstrating technical prowess and playing with taboo to bonding with those who share the same interests or to arouse others in the way they are aroused so as to feel less alone for having these interests and desires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As legal scholar Andrew Gilden writes:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"not-prose cu-quote cu-component-spacing\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>the actual process of coming to terms with one&#8217;s sexual identity often entails extensive fantasizing, experimentation, education, and social interaction. And these processes <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.law.wm.edu\/wmlr\/vol58\/iss2\/3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">are often far less romantic<\/a>, much less &#8216;dignified,&#8217; and far less &#8216;PG&#8217; than envisioned by the evolving legal narratives of sexuality.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 id=\"consent-and-fantasy\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Consent and fantasy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Thinking about deepfake porn through the lens of sexual fantasy also helps us make sense of lack of consent in DFP. Consent does not factor into people&#8217;s sexual fantasies in the same ways as it does their physical sexual relations: I don&#8217;t need permission to fantasize about someone, but I do need permission to have sex with them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Consent is a primarily <a href=\"https:\/\/www.leaf.ca\/news\/the-law-of-consent-in-sexual-assault\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">legal term<\/a>, that, at its most general, means voluntary agreement to engage in sexual activity. The use of consent language to refer to the creative process of DFP as &#8220;image-based sexual abuse&#8221; or &#8220;virtual rape&#8221; shuts down a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.upress.umn.edu\/book-division\/books\/sex-and-harm-in-the-age-of-consent\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nuanced conversation about sexual harm and freedom<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"expanding-definitions\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Expanding definitions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ultimately, sexual fantasy cannot fully explain the phenomenon of deepfake porn. But failing to acknowledge the limits of gender-based sexual violence frameworks comes with its own harms, including the ever-growing definition of sex crime and the <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/socpro\/spz013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">expansion of the carceral state<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We need to think carefully about the social and cultural motivations and intent of content creators, in addition to the potential effects of their creations. We need to consider whether expanding the scope of criminal law to address emotional harm in virtual spaces will bring about the changes we want to see, including the reduction of sexual violence. We also need to acknowledge that criminal law has largely failed to prevent, and indeed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book\/9780520385818\/the-feminist-war-on-crime#:%7E:text=In%20their%20quest%20to%20secure,and%20diverting%20resources%20toward%20law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">perpetuates, emotional and physical violence at a level that requires great awareness and care<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Concerns about sexual autonomy should inform debates about emerging technologies, but alternative frameworks for making sense of and responding to deepfake porn should be considered before we censor and criminalize deepfake porn producers, consumers and products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>_<br>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.carleton.ca\">Carleton Newsroom<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/223815\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As a criminologist and sexuality studies scholar with expertise in the legal regulation of sex and sexual expression, the push to conflate deepfake porn with misogyny and sexual harm is concerning, as is the call for new criminal laws.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":410,"featured_media":91643,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"cu_story_type":[1623],"cu_story_tag":[],"class_list":["post-91641","cu_story","type-cu_story","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","cu_story_type-expert-perspectives"],"acf":{"cu_post_thumbnail":false},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/91641","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/cu_story"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/410"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/91641\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":91646,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story\/91641\/revisions\/91646"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/91643"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=91641"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"cu_story_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story_type?post=91641"},{"taxonomy":"cu_story_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/cu_story_tag?post=91641"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}