{"id":1137,"date":"2011-03-04T17:03:56","date_gmt":"2011-03-04T21:03:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/panorama\/"},"modified":"2014-05-21T13:30:10","modified_gmt":"2014-05-21T17:30:10","slug":"toe-the-line","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/panorama\/archives\/spring-2006\/toe-the-line\/","title":{"rendered":"Toe the line"},"content":{"rendered":"

Posted May. 25\/06<\/em><\/p>\n

The 1381 kilometer border between East and West Germany \u2014 one of the most militarized borders in the world \u2014 was formed by chain-link fences, walls, turrets and mine fields. Today, it is proposed as part of the Iron Curtain Trail, a heritage and nature trail for hikers and cyclists.<\/p>\n

While changes are seldom this dramatic, borders across Europe are being altered. Along with the European Union\u2019s (EU) single market and single currency comes the right for citizens to move and reside freely throughout the EU\u2019s \u201cterritory\u201d. The result is a transformation in European borders that simultaneously increases mobility for EU citizens on the inside and restricts access for those on the outside.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/address>\n
\n
\"\"<\/dt>\n
William Walters<\/em><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n

\u201cAn external frontier has been created,\u201d says William Walters, associate professor of political science. \u201cMember states are lifting border controls with one another to facilitate mobility, but are strengthening the frontier of the EU to control who and what comes in.\u201d<\/p>\n

Under the Schengen Agreement, member states remove border controls and replace them with new forms of regulation such as cross-border police cooperation, mobile surveillance, information exchange and the gradual harmonization of migration and asylum policy. Walters calls it the networked (non)border, and describes it as a strategic node within a trans-national network of control.<\/p>\n

On the flip side is the external frontier, a moving, expanding border around the EU where the perimeter states bear special responsibility for controlling movement into the Union.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis creates an interesting system of governing territory,\u201d says Walters. \u201cA country such as France no longer has direct control over the national frontier. It has to worry about domestic security through the framework of the EU. That means it has an interest in the capacity of countries like Greece and how decisions are made there about who is a legitimate traveler.\u201d<\/p>\n

Walters is interested in the notion of legitimacy as the underside to the EU\u2019s promotion of a borderless space. As EU citizens gain expanded mobility rights, there is an increasing focus on identifying and controlling the mobility of unwanted people.<\/p>\n

\u201cIllegal immigration is a contentious area,\u201d says Walters, who prefers the term unauthorized migration. \u201cThe very naming of people as illegal is a political act that should not go unchallenged. How can a person be illegal? What kind of regime is it where a population can be deemed illegal?\u201d<\/p>\n

In his research, Walters approaches borders as a theoretical and practical problem. He looks at activists\u2019, the media\u2019s and artists\u2019 portrayals of borders in examining how the frontier becomes a political motif, an issue and geographical space.<\/p>\n

\u201cStates always have borders, but this prominence and control of the border is somewhat new in history,\u201d he says. \u201cThe EU is the most recent transformation of the border, creating an institutionalized form of transnational citizenship with echoes of a gated community on an international level.\u201d<\/p>\n

As much as borders shift and transform, it is unlikely that they will become swathes of green space. Says Walters, \u201cAs long as we have a world marked by profound social and economic inequalities, we will have a desire for that line.\u201d<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n

Fast fact…<\/strong><\/p>\n

By April 30, member states of the European Union (EU) were required to implement the directive on the right of citizens of the European Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the EU. The directive eliminates the need for EU citizens to obtain a residence card, introduces a permanent right of residence, defines more clearly the situation of family members and restricts the scope for the authorities to refuse or terminate residence of EU citizens from another member state.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Posted May. 25\/06 The 1381 kilometer border between East and West Germany \u2014 one of the most militarized borders in the world \u2014 was formed by chain-link fences, walls, turrets and mine fields. Today, it is proposed as part of the Iron Curtain Trail, a heritage and nature trail for hikers and cyclists. While changes […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":1114,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"yoast_head":"\nToe the line - PAnorama<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Posted May. 25\/06 The 1381 kilometer border between East and West Germany \u2014 one of the most militarized borders in the world \u2014 was formed by chain-link\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/panorama\/archives\/spring-2006\/toe-the-line\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/panorama\/archives\/spring-2006\/toe-the-line\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/panorama\/archives\/spring-2006\/toe-the-line\/\",\"name\":\"Toe the line - 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