{"id":135,"date":"2020-01-22T14:18:29","date_gmt":"2020-01-22T19:18:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/ravenmag\/?post_type=cu-stories&p=135"},"modified":"2020-01-30T14:36:23","modified_gmt":"2020-01-30T19:36:23","slug":"birds-plane-wildlife-conservation","status":"publish","type":"cu-stories","link":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/ravenmag\/story\/birds-plane-wildlife-conservation\/","title":{"rendered":"Birds and a Plane"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Morris Island Conservation Area<\/a> is only about an hour\u2019s drive west of Ottawa, but on a brilliant autumn morning, the city feels a world away.<\/p>\n

The 47-hectare mix of forested woodlands and wetlands is bursting with crimson and gold, with reflections of towering maples and a cloudless sky shimmering in the glassy back bays of the Ottawa River. And even though it doesn\u2019t look the part, Morris Island is a stand-in today for distant James Bay, which stretches south from Hudson Bay about 1,000 kilometres north of the National Capital Region.<\/p>\n

\"Birds

Jeremy Lalibert\u00e9 (left) and Gerhard Bruins.<\/p><\/div>\n

Backed by low-lying marshland, James Bay is sparsely populated and lined with broad beaches and nutrient-rich mudflats. It\u2019s an ideal place for more than two dozen species of shorebirds to rest and feed before they continue their epic migrations.<\/p>\n

Every summer, a team of volunteers travels to this roadless region; they count shorebirds by walking back and forth on transects that run perpendicular to the shore \u2014 about 10 kilometres each day \u2014 noting which species they spot and how many there are. But this type of survey can be invasive, disturbing birds such as the endangered red knot \u2014 a hefty, long-legged sandpiper that flies to Tierra del Fuego at the tip of South America \u2014 and adding risk to southbound journeys on which they must navigate coastal habitats damaged by ports, resorts and urban development.<\/p>\n

Which is why one of those volunteers, Gerhard Bruins, asked an engineer at Carleton how the bird counts could be made more comprehensive, accurate and efficient. And why a small group of professors and students have gathered at Morris Island to test fly a new approach.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

\"Carleton<\/div>
\n

Using Drones to Enhance Wildlife Conservation<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

At the conservation area, master\u2019s student Brendan Ooi is tiptoeing along the water\u2019s edge, planting hyper-realistic 3D-printed models of shorebirds including red knots and greater yellowlegs among the rocks. Overhead, a small drone is hovering. The low buzz of its rotors is interrupted only by the clicks of its integrated camera system and the occasional splash of a Canada goose coming in for a landing.<\/p>\n

The drone is piloted by Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering<\/a> professor Jeremy Laliberté<\/a>, Ooi\u2019s academic advisor and one of the country\u2019s leading autonomous aerial systems researchers.<\/p>\n

\"Brendan

Brendan Ooi<\/p><\/div>\n

Laliberté and Ooi are working out how best to use aerial photography to count birds on the ground. They\u2019re taking photographs and video footage of these model birds from different elevations to determine the optimal balance between covering terrain and accurately identifying birds.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ve been trying to find the ideal flight path,\u201d says Ooi.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe want to know whether it\u2019s better to fly in a grid pattern or in a line. We want to automate the image taking and video recording process, so a drone can be set up in advance and is easy enough to use that the volunteers can go north and run the bird count program even with little or no experience flying drones.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

But automating drone operations is one thing; processing the imagery is another. \u201cSometimes you can collect too much data,\u201d says Ooi, \u201cand you don\u2019t know what to do with it.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

\"Carleton<\/div>
\n

A Creative Collaboration Between Engineers and Biologists<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

That\u2019s where Cheryl Schramm<\/a> comes into the picture. The Systems and Computer Engineering<\/a> instructor was the first person approached by Bruins, a former Canadian Wildlife Service scientist and director of the ecological consulting firm Species Inc.<\/a>, who has travelled to James Bay three times to count shorebirds the old-fashioned way.<\/p>\n

Schramm recognized that the bird counting process could be automated by training a neural network to recognize aerial images of shorebirds \u2014 and that the artificial intelligence application could process this visual data much more efficiently than humans. But getting that information into a format the neural network can handle is an additional challenge, and two of Schramm\u2019s fourth-year computer science students are working to solve it.<\/p>\n

\"Birds<\/p>\n

Simon Dewilde and Rachel Myrah are developing a photo stitching system that will merge the imagery captured by the drones into larger files and automatically eliminate the overlap between images. They\u2019ve also started training a neural network to recognize shorebirds, so they can automate the process of counting birds in those stitched-together panoramas.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe want to automate as many of the steps as possible,\u201d says Dewilde, \u201cto reduce the amount of human effort required. People have to go out there for weeks at a time and can be in dangerous situations when they do.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Dewilde and Myrah are striving to make a system that can count birds at least as accurately as people can, while allowing volunteers to stay close to the hunting camps they rent from local First Nations during these annual counts (and far from any polar bears that happen by). But training a neural network to recognize and classify features in images can take thousands of photos; each classification can require a thousand images. And when you\u2019re dealing with rare or endangered birds, there aren\u2019t thousands of photos to choose from, especially from an aerial perspective.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt requires a ton of data,\u201d says Myrah. \u201cRight now, we\u2019re getting sample images, and even though they are not actual birds, they\u2019ll let us train the neural network, which will hopefully enable us to count the real birds.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

\"Carleton<\/div>
\n

Realistic 3D-Printed Birds Help Train Neural Network<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

For this approach to work, the model birds needed to be realistic. And for that, the researchers turned to biology professor Jeff Dawson<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe collected photographs of the different shorebird species,\u201d says Dawson, who worked with undergraduate computer science student Skyler Bruggink to create the digital models.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u201cTo make sure we had modelled the birds accurately, we compared the 3D models to actual taxonomic specimens and made sure they had accurate dimensions and attributes.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Birds<\/p>\n

Skyler\u2019s father Ed Bruggink<\/a>, a wildlife artist who has managed the biology department\u2019s greenhouses for nearly 40 years, then painted the models to give them a lifelike look and feel.<\/p>\n

For ease of use, Laliberté chose to work with an off-the-shelf platform. The DJI Mavic 2 is a small quadcopter with a high-quality integrated camera. It\u2019s a widely used aircraft for drone photography. By using a ready-made setup, Laliberté and his team could focus on how best to collect the data, rather than having to build a drone or design a photography system for one.<\/p>\n

As Ooi places the model birds among the rocks on the sandy shores at Morris Island (whose maple trees belie the simulation of sub-arctic tundra), he notes that even if all the technical hurdles can be overcome, there will be one more challenge: not disturbing the living, breathing birds that are sharing Morris Island\u2019s airspace with the drone.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe biggest issue is how they react,\u201d he says.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u201cIf the birds don\u2019t like you, you can\u2019t really do this. If they stopped flying, we wouldn\u2019t fly either.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

\"Carleton<\/div>
\n

—
\nRaven Magazine<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Morris Island Conservation Area is only about an hour\u2019s drive west of Ottawa, but on a brilliant autumn morning, the city feels a world away. The 47-hectare mix of forested woodlands and wetlands is bursting with crimson and gold, with reflections of towering maples and a cloudless sky shimmering in the glassy back bays […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"story-topics":[],"yoast_head":"\nCarleton Researchers Pilot a Unique Approach to Wildlife Conservation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Using Drones to Enhance Wildlife Conservation. 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