{"id":398,"date":"2020-11-23T15:25:25","date_gmt":"2020-11-23T20:25:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/ravenmag\/?post_type=cu-stories&p=398"},"modified":"2020-11-23T15:25:25","modified_gmt":"2020-11-23T20:25:25","slug":"ottawa-community-policing-policy","status":"publish","type":"cu-stories","link":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/ravenmag\/story\/ottawa-community-policing-policy\/","title":{"rendered":"Neighbourhood Watch: Amid a Devastating Health Crisis and Rising Racial Tension, Carleton Researchers Are Evaluating Ottawa’s New Community Policing Project"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ottawa Police Service Constable Vianney Calixte \u2014 a community officer who patrols his old stomping grounds, Vanier\/Overbrook, in the city\u2019s east end \u2014 used to sell insurance for a living. He\u2019s a good talker and people like him, which is why he was a good salesman. It\u2019s also why he\u2019s a good cop.<\/p>\n

This past summer, the bilingual, Haitian-born, 15-year veteran of the force received several complaints about a homeless guy living in a tent at a busy Vanier intersection. Nearby residents wanted him gone. Calixte went to visit the man and found out that he was a recovering addict and alcoholic trying to avoid inner-city shelters and the people who might suck him back into that life.<\/p>\n

Calixte called a woman he knows who works in housing and homelessness for the city and she talked to the man about relocating to an overflow shelter in the south end. It was too far from downtown and the man politely declined, but he agreed to move away from the problematic intersection. He\u2019s still homeless, according to Calixte, but now he knows where to find help if he changes his mind.<\/p>\n

\"Vianney

Officer Vianney Calixte<\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cPeople don\u2019t take the time to just listen,\u201d says Calixte.<\/p>\n

\u201cNobody chooses to be homeless. Nobody chooses to be an alcoholic or a drug addict. There\u2019s always a story behind it. Listening to that story, sometimes you can move someone in a different direction. I\u2019m not here to solve everyone\u2019s problems, but I can help and support them.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

This is probably not what you expect to hear today when someone mentions policing.<\/p>\n

The recent killings of Black citizens by American police, plus Canadian examples of mistreatment and harassment of mentally ill and racialized citizens, have prompted calls to defund police. Accusations of misconduct and racism by the Ottawa Police Service (OPS) have sparked public anger.<\/p>\n

\u201cI have unequivocally and repeatedly stated that conscious and unconscious bias is a challenge for all police members,\u201d Chief Peter Sloly wrote in the Ottawa Citizen<\/em><\/a> in response to complaints about racial profiling by an OPS officer this fall, \u201cand that systemic racism exists in policing.\u201d<\/p>\n

Given recent controversies, not to mention the global pandemic, one could argue that it\u2019s not a great time for academics to partner with police departments. Or you could say the opposite: in an era of simmering distrust and heightened scrutiny, let\u2019s ask a few important questions \u2014 what\u2019s working, what\u2019s not, and why? \u2014 in order to grow a new relationship between police officers and the public they serve.<\/p>\n

\"Linda

Prof. Linda Duxbury<\/p><\/div>\n

Linda Duxbury<\/a>, a management professor at Carleton\u2019s Sprott School of Business<\/a>, believes the latter. Last year, she and frequent collaborator Craig Bennell<\/a> from the university\u2019s psychology department<\/a> launched a three-year project with the OPS to evaluate three neighbourhood policing pilot projects<\/a> in Vanier\/Overbrook, Lowertown\/ByWard Market downtown and Bayshore in the west end.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe have to have a dialogue about what we want from police,\u201d says Duxbury, \u201cand we have to have a debate about roles. I think data helps change the conversation. We need the data, otherwise you\u2019re basing opinions on the loudest voices.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

\"Neighbourhood<\/div>
\n

New Neighbourhood Response Teams<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

In fall 2019, long before the COVID-19 lockdown and the May 2020 death of George Floyd in Minneapolis, the OPS, under acting Chief Steve Bell, quietly heeded calls from residents in high crime areas such as Vanier\/Overbrook and assembled neighbourhood response teams (NRTs).<\/p>\n

These teams consist of community-specific officers in schools, on the street, in frontline enforcement and in traffic control. The OPS had eliminated community officers in 2017 because, although neighbourhoods liked them, concrete impacts had never been established. This time around, the OPS is gathering facts to help it assess the value of such programs, with help from Duxbury, Bennell and a team of graduate students.<\/p>\n

\u201cIf you knew how much money is being spent on policing in Canada, why shouldn\u2019t business schools do research that looks at how officers spend their time?\u201d says Duxbury.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u201cAt Sprott, we want to make a difference in the community.\u201d<\/p>\n

Duxbury, who has conducted studies on change management, work-life balance and the impact of technology in the public, private and not-for-profit sectors, recently completed an evaluation of the Peel Regional Police\u2019s school resource officer program<\/a> with Bennell. Impressed with those results, the OPS asked them to conduct an audit of its three NRT pilots.<\/p>\n

With $350,000 in funding from Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and MITACS, the multi-year study was launched in fall 2019, starting in Vanier\/Overbrook. The researchers managed to complete a baseline round of stakeholder interviews, neighbourhood focus groups and an online survey before the pandemic ground our lives to a halt.<\/p>\n

But while COVID-19 has forced the team to shift consultations to an online format, it also offers a unique opportunity to examine how the pandemic is impacting police officers, crime and community wellness. Last April, Duxbury launched a separate research project, in collaboration with the Canadian Police Association and also supported by MITACS, to examine the impact of working during the coronavirus crisis on officers and their families<\/a>.<\/p>\n

In simple terms, Duxbury\u2019s community policing group is hoping to define what an ideal relationship would look like between NRT officers and the neighbourhoods they patrol and then offer recommendations on how to achieve that. But there\u2019s nothing simple about the work.<\/p>\n

Synthesizing elements such as public expectations, crime prevention, feelings of safety and trust, police interactions, community anecdotes and experiences, court diversion and the quality of communication is tricky. To do that, researchers are measuring the Social Return on Investment, or SROI, a progressive tool for evaluating not just a policy\u2019s cost and statistical outcomes but also its social value: the impacts a policy might have on a community\u2019s health and well-being.<\/p>\n

For instance, familiar neighbourhood cops might make people feel safer, but how does that translate into actual benefits for the community? You map out the impacts using SROI indicators over time and then attach dollar figures to the outcomes. \u201cYou also talk to people and listen to their stories,\u201d says Duxbury. \u201cAn SROI analysis goes beyond numbers to the stories that help illustrate or explain them.\u201d<\/p>\n

What is challenging for police, and what people have to understand, is that there\u2019s no one view of what a positive relationship looks like between members of the community and police. \u201cThis process doesn\u2019t work,\u201d says Duxbury, \u201cif the community doesn\u2019t work cohesively and with the police to get a common view of what it wants.\u201d<\/p>\n

So, what do the people of Vanier\/Overbrook want?<\/p>\n

Depends on who you ask. Sources say they welcome the reinstatement of community policing, but they\u2019re still unclear about what the officers should be doing and whether they\u2019ll be effective in meeting their diverse needs.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

\"Neighbourhood<\/div>
\n

Mutual Respect Key to Bridging Divide<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

Rob Ireland, operations manager for the Wabano Centre for Aboriginal Health<\/a> on Montreal Road, has a long history of distrusting police and knows that many Indigenous people, like him, share that unease.<\/p>\n

Higher rates of homelessness, poverty, food insecurity and addiction mean Indigenous citizens tend to have more encounters with law enforcement. First Nations, Inuit and M\u00e9tis people in Canada are like African-Americans in the U.S., he says \u2014 historically, they have been singled out by racist cops for harassment, surveillance and discrimination. Or their needs have been ignored.<\/p>\n

During our conversation, he forwarded an OPS notice about a missing Indigenous woman. He gets several every month. \u201cIt\u2019s happening all the time,\u201d says Ireland. \u201cDo police take it seriously? It\u2019s hard to know. I think they\u2019re starting to. It\u2019s better than it was years ago, but do we need more resources looking for these girls or more resources to find out why those girls are missing?\u201d<\/p>\n

Ireland does see hope in the community policing model, though. Building face-to-face relationships based on mutual respect is a promising way to bridge the divide between police and Indigenous people. That, and hiring more people of colour.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou\u2019ve got to really put a dent into that mindset of white superiority on the force,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

\u201cIf you put in 60 per cent coloured people \u2014 Indigenous, Black, whatever \u2014 you get rid of the white majority, then they would have a better sense of what\u2019s going on.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Lauren Touchant would probably agree. She is president of the Vanier Community Association<\/a> (VCA) and helped petition the OPS to bring back community policing. But considering the high numbers of Inuit and First Nations residents living in Vanier\/Overbrook, she was surprised not to see an Indigenous member when the local NRT was created. (According to Statistics Canada, four per cent of police officers across the country in 2018 self-identified as Indigenous, a group that comprised five per cent of the national population.)<\/p>\n

\u201cThis is an issue because we already know the complicated relationship that the Indigenous community has with police, particularly the RCMP,\u201d says Touchant. \u201cNot having an Indigenous officer in a significantly Indigenous area is a problem.\u201d<\/p>\n

She also questions the team\u2019s vague roles and priorities and a lack of communication thus far. The VCA would like to see more crime prevention, more data sharing and more co-ordination of efforts toward safety. She acknowledges the pandemic is impacting progress and that the NRT is still new, but she\u2019s anxious for results and is looking forward to working with Sprott scholars to improve the quality of life in Vanier.<\/p>\n

\u201cOur hope is to see systemic change,\u201d says Touchant. \u201cThis evaluation is great. We\u2019re looking forward to the results and learning from the work that Dr. Duxbury is doing. Now what I want to see are assurances that the police are going to take into consideration the recommendations and apply the proper changes. It will take a lot of courage.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

\"Neighbourhood<\/div>
\n

Finding a Way to Be Better<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

OPS Inspector Ken Bryden is looking for this kind of input. A one-time ByWard Market beat cop and now the officer in charge of the OPS community policing unit, he is a staunch proponent of the neighbourhood policing model and wants to see it succeed this time. \u201cOur organization has the drive, the motivation, the humility and the authenticity to find a way to be better,\u201d says Bryden.<\/p>\n

One need only look at how community policing was handled for proof, he says: it was cut, neighbourhoods wanted it back, it was reinstated and now, with help from Carleton, they are conducting a comprehensive review. \u201cIt\u2019s a large organization and there are a lot of moving parts \u2014 the skills of officers, the expectations, the agendas of certain officers,\u201d he says. \u201cThe organization\u2019s culture is very diverse and can be competing at times. Any large organization continually needs to work on its culture, its unified vision.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Ken

Inspector Ken Bryden<\/p><\/div>\n

Trust in police ebbs and flows depending on what\u2019s going on in the world, according to Bryden, and right now, public trust is understandably low. Egregious examples of police misconduct, both in the U.S. and Canada, must be addressed, he says, and offending officers must face consequences.<\/p>\n

But he also feels that the juggernaut of social media has amplified these examples to such a degree that it\u2019s nearly impossible to have a respectful conversation about facts. Which is why he too welcomes this study from Duxbury and her team \u2014 because he wants to find value in what his officers do and he wants them to have an impact on crime and safety. Beat cops, as the front-line public faces of the OPS, have a unique opportunity, he says, to show the human side of policing.<\/p>\n

\"Tom

Tom Scholberg<\/p><\/div>\n

Tom Scholberg doesn\u2019t live in Vanier but as manager of the Boys and Girls Club of Ottawa<\/a>\u2019s youth diversion program, he\u2019s had clients from the neighbourhood thanks to the police. If an officer arrests a youth for a criminal act, they have the discretion to divert that young offender to Scholberg\u2019s program.<\/p>\n

From there, caseworkers refer them to agencies that offer educational, mental health, employment and other services. Most of those diversions come from school resource officers and community police \u2014 trusted officers who know the kids and the neighbourhood.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere are definitely situations where police relationships are sour and it has an impact on individuals, families and community,\u201d says Scholberg.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u201cBut I\u2019ve also seen some great successes where an officer has a real impact on a youth and on their family. So we\u2019re always trying to move that needle, where the negative impact of policing is reduced and mitigated and the potential for positive is increased.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

\"Neighbourhood<\/div>
\n

Moving the Needle on Change<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

Duxbury and Bennell\u2019s study is basically focusing on that needle and what\u2019s pushing it one way or the other. When she hears people say \u201cdefund the police,\u201d what she believes they\u2019re trying to say is, \u201cwe want a new model of policing.\u201d And greater investment in community policing might be a key component.<\/p>\n

Few would disagree that law enforcement is a necessary part of policing. If you\u2019ve been assaulted, robbed, harassed or defrauded, you call police and you expect them to find the perpetrators. But nearly 40 per cent of calls to police now are considered \u201cmental health calls\u201d involving someone in distress. These calls are unpredictable and can take hours \u2014 sometimes entire days \u2014 to resolve.<\/p>\n

So how do you justify beat cops walking the neighbourhood with other more acute demands? You start, says Duxbury, by proving that proactive policing, youth diversion, crime prevention and the unique, intimate knowledge that neighbourhood officers gain on the job can actually make areas safer and potentially save enforcement costs down the road.<\/p>\n

But you need facts to make reasoned arguments, and you need engaged research participants. \u201cYou have to prove value and they\u2019ve never done it,\u201d says Duxbury.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhy? It\u2019s really hard. You have to have a partner like the OPS and you have to have partners like the neighbourhood groups who know if they can\u2019t demonstrate that the officers are making a difference, they\u2019ll be yanked again.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Sean Campeau<\/a>, a Sprott PhD student working with Duxbury on this project, is interested in policing because crime is a tug of war between perpetrator and victim and police officers are stuck in the middle, trying to balance fairness and equality for both sides using the tools they\u2019re given: laws, weapons, experience and training. And, as Scholberg says, policing is constantly being shaped by social, cultural and technological forces and police agencies must remain malleable in order to maintain legitimacy.<\/p>\n

\"Sean

Sean Campeau<\/p><\/div>\n

Movements such as Defund the Police and Black Lives Matter, for example, are healthy in a democracy, Campeau says, because they destabilize the status quo and, when necessary, move that needle of social change quickly. But any meaningful discussion around the role of police should acknowledge a few things: officers are not all experts in mental health; they are dutybound to enforce laws; and they cannot be all things to all people.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s about expectations,\u201d says Campeau. \u201cPeople understand that in society police have a responsibility for dealing with crime and ensuring public safety. And then there\u2019s the reality of it. There\u2019s the OPS with officers assigned to their roles, whether patrolling or community policing or criminal investigations, and they have to deal with actual situations every day. There\u2019s that disconnect.<\/p>\n

\u201cA big part of our research,\u201d he continues, \u201cis to understand what activities the neighbourhood police officers are engaging in. We want to understand how they relate to the community’s expectations of what police should be doing and how those activities will relate to the outcomes that both the community and the police want to achieve. Getting a better understanding of the process of neighbourhood policing from the community\u2019s perspective is important to the research.\u201d<\/p>\n

So far, Campeau has been inspired by the passion and commitment shown by both OPS members and residents in Vanier\/Overbrook. The police want to reduce crime and make people feel safer, and they want to build positive relationships with residents. This is particularly impressive in the midst of a pandemic when crime trends are changing \u2014 increasing rates of domestic violence, mental health calls, break and-enters \u2014 and people are feeling stressed, fearful and isolated.<\/p>\n

\u201cEverything that comes out in the media about policing \u2014 those issues are real and need to come out \u2014 but in the day-to-day, it feels really good to hear all the ideas people have, and how much people care,\u201d says Campeau. \u201cMembers of the community and police are working really hard to find answers. They\u2019re all in.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

This fall, Duxbury\u2019s team is doing a second round of surveys and consultations with various Vanier\/Overbrook racialized, municipal, business and faith groups, and is continuing preliminary work in the ByWard Market and Bayshore areas. This will all include new questions about how communities are being impacted by COVID-19. In the end, Duxbury is hoping to have a large data set that offers a roadmap on how urban policing can effectively evolve.<\/p>\n

\u201cA lot of the things people are asking for are not huge or complicated,\u201d she says. \u201cIt\u2019s an issue of mutual respect. And the hope has to be that if the police start responding to this, treating people with respect, the community will meet them halfway.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

\"Neighbourhood<\/div>
\n

—
\nRaven Magazine<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ottawa Police Service Constable Vianney Calixte \u2014 a community officer who patrols his old stomping grounds, Vanier\/Overbrook, in the city\u2019s east end \u2014 used to sell insurance for a living. He\u2019s a good talker and people like him, which is why he was a good salesman. It\u2019s also why he\u2019s a good cop. This past […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"story-topics":[16],"yoast_head":"\nResearchers Are Evaluating Ottawa's New Community Policing Project<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Sprott School of Business professor Linda Duxbury is evaluating Ottawa\u2019s new community policing project with an eye towards a creating a better\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/ravenmag\/story\/ottawa-community-policing-policy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Researchers Are Evaluating Ottawa's New Community Policing Project\" \/>\n<meta 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