{"id":389,"date":"2014-05-10T20:29:10","date_gmt":"2014-05-11T00:29:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/studyisrael\/?p=389"},"modified":"2014-05-15T17:54:01","modified_gmt":"2014-05-15T21:54:01","slug":"simon-zeldin-city-david-distinguishing-religion-religious-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/studyisrael\/2014\/simon-zeldin-city-david-distinguishing-religion-religious-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Simon Zeldin &#8211; City of David: Distinguishing Religion from Religious History"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Traditional (Zionist) Perspective:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cBirthplace\u201d of Jerusalem \u2013 kingdom of the biblical David<\/li>\n<li>City lies on a narrow ridge, south of the present-day Old City of Jerusalem\n<ul>\n<li>Borders the Kidron Valley, where the Gihon Spring serves as its main water source<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>1064 BCE, King David establishes his kingdom here, conquering the Jebusites<\/li>\n<li>According to the Biblical narrative, David brings the Ark of the Covenant here, and Solomon is allegedly crowned here<\/li>\n<li>Central location for Jewish identity, seen as the embodiment of God\u2019s covenant to the people of Israel<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>The City of David, as framed by the Biblical narrative:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>David leads the people, uniting Israel and Judah as one nation (2 Samuel 5:1-5)<\/li>\n<li>David brings the Ark of the Covenant \u2013 the place where God causes his name to dwell \u2013 to his city (2 Samuel 6:1; 2 Samuel 6:17)<\/li>\n<li>God promises the land of Israel to David and his offspring forever; a covenant that will become central to Israelite and later Jewish faith:\n<ul>\n<li><em> \u2026and I will make for you a great name, like the name of the great ones of the earth. And I will appoint a place for my people Israel and will plant them, so that they may live in their own place, and be disturbed no more; and evildoers shall afflict them no more, as formerly\u2026 I will raise up your offspring after you, who shall come forth from your body, and I will establish his kingdom. He shall build a house for my name, and I will establish the throne of his kingdom forever. I will be a father to him, and he shall be a son to me\u2026<\/em><strong>Your house and your kingdom shall be made sure forever before me; your throne shall be established forever.<\/strong> (2 Sam 7:9-16)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>God\u2019s covenant to David begins to be used as a means for understanding the consequent history of Israel \u2013 adherence to the covenant as the primary framework for the Deuteronomist\u2019s conception of theodicy and history\n<ul>\n<li><em> Hezekiah trusted in the LORD, the God of Israel. There was no one like him among all the kings of Judah, either before him or after him. He held fast to the LORD and did not stop following him; he kept the commands the LORD had given\u00a0Moses. And the LORD was with him; he was successful in whatever he undertook (2 Kings 17, 5-7)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Archaeology qua response to Biblical \u201cHistory\u201d:<\/strong><br \/>\nWhile a number of discoveries have been made, which seem to correlate with the descriptions in the Bible, many archaeologists now reject the Bible-centric approach to archeology, in which archaeological evidence is weighed against the Biblical narrative. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Recent discoveries of 2,700 year old fragments of pottery, ceramics, figurines that date back to the First Temple period\n<ul>\n<li>Ceramic bowl with Hebrew inscription: \u201cryhu bn bnh\u201d, dating back to ~586 BCE (destruction of Jerusalem under King Zedekiah)<\/li>\n<li>Some scholars see the name as referring to Zechariah son of Benaiah, father of the prophet Jahaziel (2 Chronicles 20:14)\n<ul>\n<li>Is this enough evidence, or is it too circumstantial?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Eilat Mazar claims to have found the palace of King David:\n<ul>\n<li>Large public building with contemporaneous pottery and a bulla (government seal) of Jehucal, son of Shelemiah, son of Shevi \u2013 mentioned in the Book of Jeremiah!<\/li>\n<li>Pottery within dates to Iron Age I (12th-11th centuries BCE, just before David was supposed to have conquered Jerusalem)<\/li>\n<li>Foundations for the building with large boulders for wall, and pottery dating back to Iron Age II (10th-9th centuries BCE)\u2026i.e., the time of the united kingdom!\n<ul>\n<li>YET her study was sponsored by conservative Israeli research institute, and financed by an American investment banker\u2026potential bias?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Warren\u2019s Shaft \u2013 the water shaft that was used by Joab to capture the city from the Jebusites, and unlock the city for the Israelite invading forces? Avraham Faust thinks so\u2026\n<ul>\n<li>More recent excavations, however, show that the chimney is not man-made, but a natural karstic shaft, that was discovered centuries after David\u2019s conquest of the city\n<ul>\n<li>Archaeologists Reich and Shukron believe the shaft could not have been used to draw water, since it had no rope marks to indicate pulling of water, and it was a natural structure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Debate not just about historical veracity, but about the link between Biblical and <em>archaeological records<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Low chronology approach to archaeology: Israel Finkelstein\n<ul>\n<li>Contested by newer evidence by Yosef Garfinkel\n<ul>\n<li>Judean city dating back to time of David\u2019s reign Thomas Levy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Thomas Levy\n<ul>\n<li>Copper-smelting operation at Khirbat en Nahas \u2013 time of Edomites, \u201cpossible\u201d that this belonged to David and Solomon<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Old approach of Yigael Yadin, who dated pottery in accordance with the Bible, no longer acceptable\u2026but is a complete dismissal of the Bible as a source of history possible?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>God and Israel:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>City of David \u2013 holiest place for Jews, as the site where David is believed to have brought the Ark of the Covenant\n<ul>\n<li>Modern issue \u2013 women\u2019s religiosity and religious expression at the Western Wall, in traditional prayer: how can they take part in male-dominated religious worship?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Fate of the land theologically significant \u2013 Jewish possession of the land as of the fulfilment of covenant, result of theodicy\n<ul>\n<li>Exile understood as punishment for the breaching of covenantal terms<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Eternal promise of God to David and Solomon \u2013 FOREVER\n<ul>\n<li>Spiritual and nationalist connection to the land for Jews<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Archaeological evidence as theological proof for veracity of the Bible\n<ul>\n<li>Inextricably linked with nationalistic, Zionist goals \u2013 seeking to validate Jewish possession of the State of Israel<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Christianity \u2013 Jesus as a descendant of David, Christians as inheritors of Davidic promise<\/li>\n<li>Islam \u2013 inheritors of Judeo-Christian tradition, Dome of the Rock as site of Night Journey<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0Discussion Questions:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>How can we reconcile the Biblical with the archaeological record? Can we discount either?<\/li>\n<li>Is it even possible to understand and experience these sites without any adherence to a lived tradition? How do our own biases and perspectives colour how we view the site?<\/li>\n<li>How do changing conceptions of the City of David implicate Jewish thought? How might new archaeological approaches pose a threat to traditional religious views?\n<ul>\n<li>Moreover, what are the political implications of this \u201creligious\u201d history?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p align=\"center\"><b><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Works Consulted<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0Baumel Joseph, Norma. \u201cShema B\u2019Kolah: On Listening to Women\u2019s Voices in Prayer.\u201d In <i>Women of the Wall: Claiming Sacred Ground at Judaism\u2019s Holy Site<\/i>. Edited by Phyllis Chesler and Rivka Haut, 288-309. Woodstock: Jewish Lights Publishing, 2008.<\/p>\n<p>Bible Places. \u201cJerusalem\u2019s City of David and Area G.\u201d Accessed May 2, 2014. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibleplaces.com\/areag.htm\">http:\/\/www.bibleplaces.com\/areag.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Bolen, Todd. \u201cIdentifying King David\u2019s Palace: Mazar\u2019s Flawed Reading of the Biblical Text.\u201d BiblePlaces.com, September 2010. Accessed May 2, 2014. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bibleinterp.com\/opeds\/ident357928.shtml\">http:\/\/www.bibleinterp.com\/opeds\/ident357928.shtml<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cDid Ancient Jerusalem Draw Water Through Warren\u2019s Shaft?.\u201d <i>Biblical Archaeology Review<\/i> 33 no. 2 (2007): 64-69, 77. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.basarchive.org.proxy.library.carleton.ca\/bswb%20Browse.asp?PubID=BSBA&amp;Volume=33&amp;Issue=2&amp;ArticleID=15&amp;UserID=2317\">http:\/\/www.basarchive.org.proxy.library.carleton.ca\/bswb Browse.asp?PubID=BSBA&amp;Volume=33&amp;Issue=2&amp;ArticleID=15&amp;UserID=2317<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Draper, Robert. \u201cKings of Controversy.\u201d <i>National Geographic<\/i>, December 2010. <a href=\"http:\/\/ngm.nationalgeographic.com\/print\/2010\/12\/david-and-solomon\/draper-text\">http:\/\/ngm.nationalgeographic.com\/print\/2010\/12\/david-and-solomon\/draper-text<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Erlanger, Stephen. \u201cKing David\u2019s Palace is Found, Archaeologist Says.\u201d <i>New York Times<\/i>, August 2, 2005. Accessed May 2, 2014. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/08\/05\/\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/08\/05\/<\/a> international\/middleeast\/05jerusalem.html?_r=2&amp;ei=5099&amp;en=645745adec14cd0f&amp;ex=1123905600&amp;partner=TOPIX&amp;pagewanted=print&amp;oref=slogin&amp;.<\/p>\n<p>Israel: Land of Creation. \u201cThe City of David, Israel.\u201d Last modified 2011. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.goisrael.com\/Tourism_Eng\/Articles\/Attractions\/Pages\/CityOfDavid.aspx.\">http:\/\/www.goisrael.com\/Tourism_Eng\/Articles\/Attractions\/Pages\/CityOfDavid.aspx.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Schaalje, Jacqueline. \u201cThe City of David.\u201d <i>Jewish Mag<\/i>, October 2002. Accessed May 2, 2014. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jewishmag.com\/60mag\/cityofdavid\/cityofdavid.htm\">http:\/\/www.jewishmag.com\/60mag\/cityofdavid\/cityofdavid.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Spoeri, Joseph S. \u201cHamas, Islam, and Israel.\u201d <i>Journal of Conflict Studies<\/i> 26, no. 1 (2006): n.p. <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.hil.unb.ca\/index.php\/jcs\/article\/view\/2166\/2560\">http:\/\/journals.hil.unb.ca\/index.php\/jcs\/article\/view\/2166\/2560<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u201c2,700 year old Hebrew inscription uncovered in City of David.\u201d <i>Jerusalem Post<\/i>, August 18, 2013. Accessed May 2, 2014. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jpost.com\/Features\/In-Thespotlight\/Ancient-engraved-earthenware-discovered-in-City-of-David-323438\">http:\/\/www.jpost.com\/Features\/In-Thespotlight\/Ancient-engraved-earthenware-discovered-in-City-of-David-323438<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><i>Also<\/i>, Bible, NRSV (specific citations listed on handout).<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/studyisrael\/wp-content\/uploads\/City-of-David-handout.pdf\">Download<\/a><\/strong><\/h1>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Traditional (Zionist) Perspective: \u201cBirthplace\u201d of Jerusalem \u2013 kingdom of the biblical David City lies on a narrow ridge, south of the present-day Old City of Jerusalem Borders the Kidron Valley, where the Gihon Spring serves as its main water source 1064 BCE, King David establishes his kingdom here, conquering the Jebusites According to the Biblical [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Simon Zeldin - City of David: Distinguishing Religion from Religious History - Study Israel<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Traditional (Zionist) Perspective: \u201cBirthplace\u201d of Jerusalem \u2013 kingdom of the biblical David City lies on a narrow ridge, south of the present-day Old\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/studyisrael\/2014\/simon-zeldin-city-david-distinguishing-religion-religious-history\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"jordanstenzler\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/studyisrael\/2014\/simon-zeldin-city-david-distinguishing-religion-religious-history\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/studyisrael\/2014\/simon-zeldin-city-david-distinguishing-religion-religious-history\/\",\"name\":\"Simon Zeldin - City of David: Distinguishing Religion from Religious History - Study Israel\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/studyisrael\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2014-05-11T00:29:10+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2014-05-15T21:54:01+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/studyisrael\/#\/schema\/person\/118c0096ce8c2c481071f8f84e2184ad\"},\"description\":\"Traditional (Zionist) Perspective: \u201cBirthplace\u201d of Jerusalem \u2013 kingdom of the biblical David City lies on a narrow ridge, south of the present-day Old\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/studyisrael\/2014\/simon-zeldin-city-david-distinguishing-religion-religious-history\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/studyisrael\/2014\/simon-zeldin-city-david-distinguishing-religion-religious-history\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/studyisrael\/2014\/simon-zeldin-city-david-distinguishing-religion-religious-history\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/studyisrael\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Student Handouts\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/studyisrael\/category\/student-handouts\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Simon Zeldin &#8211; 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