{"id":125,"date":"2017-05-02T15:13:42","date_gmt":"2017-05-02T19:13:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/?page_id=125"},"modified":"2026-01-19T20:04:08","modified_gmt":"2026-01-20T01:04:08","slug":"swedish-linguistics-syntax","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/swedish-linguistics-syntax\/","title":{"rendered":"Research"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Research Interests<\/h2>\n<p>I am a generative linguist and my work spans phonetics, phonology, syntax, and semantics, but I have mostly been concerned with <a href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/syntax\/\">syntax.<\/a> Here&#8217;s a list of my <a href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/books\/\">books<\/a>. Links to papers on various topics are listed below. There is ample overlap between the topics.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/syntax\/\">Syntax<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/verbal-particles\/\">Verbal particles<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/http-server.carleton.ca\/~toivonen\/research\/CaseAgreement\/CaseAgreement.html\">Case and agreement marking<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/the-argument-adjunct-distinction\/\">The argument\/adjunct distinction<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/distributivity-and-collectivity\/\">Distributivity and collectivity<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/evidentiality\/\">Evidentiality<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/phonological-quantity\/\">Phonological quantity<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/microvariation-and-change\/\">Microvariation and change<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/swedish\/\">Swedish<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/accentsmusic\/\">Music<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/finno-ugric\/\">Finno-Ugric<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Selected Publications<\/h2>\n<p>2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/lfg-proceedings.org\/lfg\/index.php\/main\/article\/view\/85\/64\"> Animacy effects in Tamil.<\/a> With Akshaya Kirithy Baskar. In: Miriam Butt, Jamie Findlay and Ida Toivonen (eds.),  <em>Proceedings of the LFG25 Conference<\/em>, 19&#8211;40. University of Konstanz: PubliKon.<\/p>\n<p>2024.  <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/lnc3.12511\"> The obligatoriness of arguments.<\/a> With Katie Van Luven. <em>Language and Linguistics Compass<\/em>, e12511. <\/p>\n<p>2023.  <a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/ProDrop.pdf\"> Pronoun incorporation.<\/a> In: Mary Dalrymple (ed.), <em>Handbook of Lexical Functional Grammar<\/em>. Berlin: Language Science Press.<\/p>\n<p>2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/the-oxford-handbook-of-word-classes-9780198852889?cc=ca&#038;lang=en&#038;#\"> Word classes in Lexical Functional Grammar.<\/a> With Mary Dalrymple. In: Eva van Lier (ed.) <em> The Oxford Handbook of Word Classes.<\/em> Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p>2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/group\/cslipublications\/cslipublications\/LFG\/LFG-2021\/lfg2021-toivonen.pdf\">Arguments and adjuncts across levels.<\/a> In: Miriam Butt, Jamie Findlay, and Ida Toivonen (eds.), <em> Proceedings of the LFG21 Conference,<\/em> 306&#8211;331. Stanford: CSLI Publications.<\/p>\n<p>2021. <a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/ToivonenPerception2021.pdf\"> Perception verbs, copy raising and evidentiality in Swedish and English.<\/a> In: I Wayan Arka, Ash Asudeh and Tracy Holloway King (eds.). <em> Modular Design of Grammar.<\/em> Oxford university Press. <\/p>\n<p>2020. Verbal particles, results, and directed motion. In: Richard Page and Michael Travis Putnam (eds.). <em> Cambridge Handbook of Germanic Linguistics.<\/em> Cambridge University Press. Chapter 22, 516&#8211;536. Pre-final version available <a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/ToivonenPrtsHandbook.pdf\"> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.karger.com\/Article\/Abstract\/500187\"> Detecting foreign accents in song. <\/a> With Marly Mageau, Can Mekik, and Ashley Sokalski. <em> Phonetica<\/em> 76 (6): 429&#8211;447. Pre-final version available <a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/MageauMekikSokalskiToivonen.pdf\"> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/view\/journals\/opli\/5\/1\/article-p156.xml?language=en\"> Humans, animals, things and animacy features.<\/a> With Shiva Bayanati. <em> Open Linguistics<\/em> 5(1): 156&#8211;170.<\/p>\n<p>2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/00277738.2018.1490523\"> The age of Aidans: Cognitive underpinnings of a new trend in English boys&#8217; names.<\/a> With Lauren MacAulay and Daniel Siddiqi. <em> Names: A Journal of Onomastics <\/em> 67(3):160-174.<\/p>\n<p>2019. <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/1367006917709093\">The phonetics of code-switched vowels.<\/a> With Kasia Muldner, Leah Hoiting, Leyna Sanger and Lev Blumenfeld. <em>International Journal of Bilingualism <\/em> 23(1): 37-52.<\/p>\n<p>2019. <a href=\"http:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/group\/cslipublications\/cslipublications\/LFG\/LFG-2019\/lfg2019-lst.pdf\"> Distributive possessors in Swedish and Norwegian: binding, agreement, and quantification.<\/a> With Helge L\u00f8drup and Raj Singh. In: Miriam Butt, Tracy Holloway King and Ida Toivonen (eds.), {\\it Proceedings of the LFG19 Conference}, 170&#8211;190. Stanford: CSLI Publications.<\/p>\n<p>2018. <a href=\"http:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/group\/cslipublications\/cslipublications\/LFG\/LFG-2018\/lfg2018-barbu-toivonen.pdf\">Romanian object clitics: Grammaticalization, agreement and lexical splits.<\/a> With Roxana-Maria Barbu. In: Miriam Butt and Tracy Holloway King (eds.), <em> Proceedings of the LFG18 Conference,<\/em> 67&#8211;87. Stanford: CSLI Publications.<\/p>\n<p>2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.linguisticsociety.org\/proceedings\/index.php\/PLSA\/article\/view\/4295\">Wh-word conjunction as a test for argumenthood and obligatoriness. <\/a> With Paul Melchin. <em> Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>2018. <a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/Toivonen_ThL.pdf\">Gradience, features and hierarchies.<\/a> <em>Theoretical Linguistics <\/em> 44(1\u20132): 93\u201398.<\/p>\n<p>2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/group\/cslipublications\/cslipublications\/LFG\/LFG-2017\/lfg2017-asudeh-toivonen.pdf\">A modular approach to evidentiality.<\/a> With Ash Asudeh. <em> Proceedings of the LFG17 Conference.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>2017. <a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/SundbergToivonen.pdf\"> &Aring;l&auml;ndska lateraler.  <\/a>  With Eva Sundberg. In &Ouml;stman, Sandstr&ouml;m, Gustavsson and S&ouml;derg&aring;rd (eds.), <em>Ideologi, identitet, intervention. Nordisk dialektologi 10,  341&#8211;349<\/em><\/p>\n<p>2017. <a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/ToivonenApokope.pdf\"> Apokope av slutvokal i \u00e5l\u00e4ndska infinitiver. <\/a> In &Ouml;stman, Sandstr&ouml;m, Gustavsson and S&ouml;derg&aring;rd (eds.), <em>Ideologi, identitet, intervention. Nordisk dialektologi 10, 293&#8211;302.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>2016. Event participants and linguistic arguments. With Roxana-Maria Barbu. <em>Proceedings of CogSci 2016<\/em><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/BarbuToivonenCogSci.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2016. A featural paradox in Votic harmony. With Lev Blumenfeld. <em>Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 34(4). <\/em><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11049-016-9329-9\">link<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2015. East Cree Ghost participants. With Marie-Odile Junker. <em>Proceedings of the LFG15 Conference<\/em><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/group\/cslipublications\/cslipublications\/LFG\/20\/papers\/lfg15junkertoivonen.pdf\">link<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/59w6z399\">  The reliability of testimony and perception: connecting epistemology and linguistic evidentiality.<\/a> With Claire Lesage, Nalini Ramlakhan, and Chris Wildman. <em>Proceedings of CogSci 2015<\/em><\/p>\n<p>2015. On the morphosyntactic representation of dependent quantification: distance distributivity, dependent indefinites, and Skolemization. With Dejan Milacic and Raj Singh. <em>Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 19<\/em><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/MilacicSinghToivonen.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2014. Vowel height and duration. With Lev Blumenfeld, Andrea Gormley, Leah Hoiting, John Logan, Nalini Ramlakhan and Adam Stone. <em>Proceedings of WCCFL 32<\/em><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/toivonenetal_wccfl32.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2014. Meaning and valency. With Ash Asudeh and Gianluca Giorgolo.<em>Proceedings of the LFG14 Conference,<\/em> 68&#8211;88.<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/group\/cslipublications\/cslipublications\/LFG\/19\/papers\/lfg14asudehetal.pdf\">link<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2014. <em>With<\/em> Lexical Integrity. With Ash Asudeh.<em> Theoretical Linguistics.<\/em> 40(12): 175&#8211;186.<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/dg\/viewarticle.fullcontentlink:pdfeventlink\/$002fj$002fthli.2014.40.issue-1-2$002ftl-2014-0008$002ftl-2014-0008.pdf?t:ac=j$002fthli.2014.40.issue-1-2$002ftl-2014-0008$002ftl-2014-0008.xml\">link<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2013. Constructions with Lexical Integrity. With Ash Asudeh and Mary Dalrymple.<em> Journal of Language Modelling.<\/em> 1(1): 1&#8211;54.<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/constructions-jlm.pdf\">pdf<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/jlm.ipipan.waw.pl\/index.php\/JLM\/article\/view\/56\">link<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2013. English benefactive NPs <em>Proceedings of the LFG13 Conference,<\/em> 503&#8211;523.<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/group\/cslipublications\/cslipublications\/LFG\/18\/papers\/lfg13toivonen.pdf\">link<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2012. Copy raising and perception. With Ash Asudeh. <em>Natural Language and Linguistic Theory<\/em> 30(2): 321&#8211;380.<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11049-012-9168-2#\/page-1\">link<\/a>; pre-published version: <a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/asudeh-toivonen09-cr.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2011. Derived arguments With Stephanie Needham. <em>Proceedings of the LFG11 Conference,<\/em> 401&#8211;421. <a href=\"http:\/\/cslipublications.stanford.edu\/LFG\/16\/papers\/lfg11needhamtoivonen.pdf\">link<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2009. Phonetic duration, phonological quantity and prosodic structure in Inari Saami. With Patrik Bye and Elin Sagulin. <em>Phonetica<\/em> 66(4): 199&#8211;121.<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/bye-sagulin-toivonen.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2009. Lexical-Functional Grammar. In Bernd Heine and Heiko Narrog, eds., <em>The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis<\/em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 425-458. With Ash Asudeh. [Prepublication draft] <a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/asudeh-toivonen09-lfg-ohla.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2008. Review of William D. Davies and Stanley Dubinsky&#8217;s <em>The Grammar of Raising and Control: A Course in Syntactic Argumentation<\/em>. <em>Language<\/em> 84(4): 880-882. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cas.sc.edu\/LING\/faculty\/dubinsky\/84.4.toivonen.pdf\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2008. Constructions with Lexical Integrity: Templates as the lexicon-syntax interface. In Miriam Butt and Tracy Holloway King, eds., <em>Proceedings of the LFG08 Conference. <\/em>Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. 68-88. With Ash Asudeh and Mary Dalrymple. <a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/pdf\/lfg08asudehetal.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2007. <em>Saami Linguistics<\/em>. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 288. Amsterdam &amp; Philadelphia: John Benjamins. With Diane Nelson. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.benjamins.com\/cgi-bin\/t_bookview.cgi?bookid=CILT%20288\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Book website<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2007. Verbal agreement in Inari Saami. In: Ida Toivonen and Diane Nelson, eds., <em>Saami Linguistics<\/em>, CILT 288, 227-258. John Benjamins. <a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/is-agr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2007. Microvariation in Inari Saami. In: Jussi Ylikoski and Ante Aikio, eds., <em>S\u00e1mit, s\u00e1nit, s\u00e1tneh\u00e1mit. Riepmo\u010d\u00e1la Pekka Sammallahti miessem\u00e1nu 21. beaivve 2007<\/em>. M\u00e9moires de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Finno-Ougrienne 253. Helsinki. 363-374. <a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sammallahden_juhlakirja_Toivonen.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2007. Copy raising and its consequences for perceptual reports. In Annie Zaenen, Jane Simpson, Tracy Holloway King, Jane Grimshaw, Joan Maling and Chris Manning, eds., <em>Architectures, Rules, and Preferences: Variations on Themes by Joan W. Bresnan<\/em>. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. 49\u201367. With Ash Asudeh.<br \/>\n[Prepublication draft] <a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/asudeh-toivonen05-JBfest.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2006. On continuative <em>on. <\/em><em>Studia Linguistica<\/em>\u00a060(2): 181-219.<br \/>\n[Pre-published version] <a href=\"http:\/\/http-server.carleton.ca\/~toivonen\/pdf\/on.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2006. Expletives and the syntax and semantics of copy raising. In Miriam Butt and Tracy Holloway King, eds., <em><a href=\"http:\/\/csli-publications.stanford.edu\/LFG\/11\/lfg06.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Proceedings of the LFG06 Conference<\/a><\/em>. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. 13-29. With Ash Asudeh.<br \/>\n[Prepublication draft] <a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/asudeh-toivonen-lfg06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2006. Symptomatic Imperfections. [Review article of David Adger (2003) <em>Core Syntax<\/em> and Andrew Radford (2004) <em>Minimalist Syntax<\/em>] \u00a0 <em>Journal of Linguistics<\/em> 42(2): 395-422. With Ash Asudeh.<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/asudeh-toivonen-JL-RA-2005.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2003. <em>Non-Projecting Words: A Case Study of Swedish Verbal Particles<\/em>. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/index.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Index<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/linguistics\/syntax\/book\/978-1-4020-1532-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Book website<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2003. Counting and the grammar: Numerals in Inari Sami. In: Satu Manninen and Diane Nelson, eds., <em>Generative Approaches to Finnic and Saami Linguistics<\/em>. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. 321\u2013341. With Diane Nelson.<\/p>\n<p>2002. Particles and Results in Swedish and English. 2002. WCCFL 21.<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/wccfl.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2002. Swedish particles and syntactic projection. In: Nicole Deh\u00e9, Silke Urban, Andrew McIntyre and Ray Jackendoff, eds., <em>Verb-Particle Explorations<\/em>. Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter. 191\u2013209.<\/p>\n<p>2001. The Directed Motion Construction in Swedish.<br \/>\n[Old version. A newer\u00a0 version\u00a0 appeared\u00a0 in <i>Journal of Linguistics 38(2),<\/i>] <a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/dmc-web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2001. Language Change, Lexical Features and Finnish Possessors. In Miriam Butt and Tracy Holloway King, eds., <em>Time over Matter: Diachronic Perspectives on Morphosyntax<\/em>. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. 209&#8211;225.<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/hist-px.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2000. The Morphosyntax of Finnish Possession.<br \/>\n[Long, old version; a newer version appeared in <em>Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 18(3)<\/em>]<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/Px.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2001. The Phrase-Structure of Non-Projecting Words.<br \/>\n[Stanford Ph.D. dissertation] <a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/toivonen-thesis.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>1998. Swedish place expressions. NELS 29.<a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/nels29.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>1997. The acquisition of Swedish body-posture words.<br \/>\n[Unpublished manuscript] <a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/toivacqu.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>1995. A study of Finnish infinitives.<br \/>\n[Senior Thesis, Brandeis University] <a href=\"http:\/\/carleton.ca\/toivonen\/wp-content\/uploads\/toivonen95_finnish_infinitives.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research Interests I am a generative linguist and my work spans phonetics, phonology, syntax, and semantics, but I have mostly been concerned with syntax. Here&#8217;s a list of my books. Links to papers on various topics are listed below. There is ample overlap between the topics. Syntax Verbal particles Case and agreement marking The argument\/adjunct [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":12,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Research - Ida Toivonen<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Research Interests I am a generative linguist and my work spans phonetics, phonology, syntax, and semantics, but I have mostly been concerned with syntax. 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